AGRICULTURAN AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF SUMBAL BLOCK OF BANDIPORA DISTRIC OF KASHMIR
STRATEGIC RESEARCH AND EXTENSION PLAN USING
PARTICIPARTORY RURAL APPRAISAL
FOR
TEHSIL SUMBAL SONAWARI (BANDIPORA)
FROM
19th – 28th, JUNE 2008.
I. INTRODUCTION
Sumbal Sonawari is one of the Tehsil of district Bandipora erstwhile district Baramulla Kashmir. Sumbal is located 34013’ N and 74037’ E with an average altitude of 5178 feet (1578.25 meter) above mean sea level. The District Bandipora is having 3 Tehsils viz. Bandiopa, Gurez and Sumbal Sonawari with a total population of 306511 persons comprising of 158754 males and 147757 females. Out of the total population of the district Bandipora the tehsil Sumbal Sonawari is having population of 149013 persons comprising 76411 males and 72602 females. The district Bandipora consists of 53 Panchyat halqas with 200 villages out of which 12 Panchayat Halqas of 51 villages fall in Block Sumbal of tehsil Sonawari.
The Bandipora district is surrounded by Kupwara in the West, Baramulla in the South, Kargil, Srinagar and Ganderbal in the East and LoC in the North. The district has severe cold climate in winter and a pleasant weather in summer. Each part of the district experiences snowfall during winter. Road to Gurez remains closed during winter due to snowfall. Average annual rainfall in District Bandipora has been recorded as 589 mm with approximately 82 rainy days.
Tehsil Sumbal Sonwari located in the South of Bandipora having varied topography viz. plains, karewas, hillocks, and marshy lands, and water bodies. This type of topography generally makes the area prone to flood as well to drought conditions. The cultivable areas are fertile mostly rich in clay and silt. The river Jehlam and Sindh passing through the area serves as main source of irrigation. At most of the places the water is lifted by the pumps and distributed through irrigation canals. The high clay content makes soils very loose when wet and very hard when dry.
- The farm women and farm youths were mostly found engaged in production of handicrafts like carpet making, shawl making, embroidery etc. and almost each household was having a carpet weaving unit.
The people mostly belong to low income groups and are economically backward. The situation becomes further aggravated due to low productivity, unemployment/ underemployment, lack of communication and basic facilities such as education and health. Majority of the people suffer from malnutrition and under nutrition and the worst hit group is children and women. The risk to health hazards is apprehended due to poor sanitary conditions, unsafe drinking water facilities etc.
To alleviate poverty in the area Govt. Departments, Institutions, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and allied agencies are working hard to increase the production and productivity, generate employment and improve the living conditions through their progammes and activities. It is in this connection, that one such NGO namely Indo Global Social Service Society (IGSSS) approached to the University through Directorate of Extension Education for developing SREP and conducting of need based trainings on agriculture and allied fields. The NGO has been busy in organization of Self Help Groups (SHGs) among the women folk of the area for micro financing facilities and ultimately women empowerment.
Director Extension Education/ SMAETI, Prof. G.M. Wani appreciatandmediately constituted a team of experts/ scientists at the Directorate to carry the assignment systematically using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) technique from 19th June 2008 to 28th June 2008 in the already identified villages of the IGSSS. The whole work was carried and conducted smoothly in a mission mode approach in the scheduled time through the active coordination and participation of the experts and the NGO personnel.
II.METHODOLOGY
In order to prepare Strategic Research Extension Plan (SREP) for the area viz Sumbal Sonawari in the desired time schedule PRA technique was utilized to collect the responses from the villagers. This included using of pre-tested interview schedules, interaction meetings, transect-walks, participatory observation methods, farm and home visits and discussion etc. in a well planned way from 19th June 2008 to 28th June 2008 in the selected villages.
The team deputed for the purpose comprised of scientists/ experts from Extension Education, Agronomy, Soil Science, Plant protection and Olericulture of the Directorate and SKUAST-K divisions. The team was also assisted by State Coordinator and Project Supervisors of IGSSS in introduction of self help groups and villagers at large and good hospitality for the team. The PRA was conducted in a systematic manner through observation of following steps:
Preparation of interview schedule and its use
- After pre-testing and further refinement of the schedule, the PRA was successfully conducted.
Rapport building
In order to have a brief idea about the village resources, ecology, needs of farming community and opportunities etc. prior to make a plan for PRA, the team went to the office of IGSSS at Inderkot village of Sumbal Sonawari. Immediately after an interaction meeting with the scientists, officials of IGSSS and farmers of the locality especially women self help groups some important information was gathered on the above aspects.
This interaction meeting was also helpful in deciding the plan of work in the identified villages for PRA. In each village, farmers/ farm women and youths gathered in the central places of the villages and were taken in to confidence through informal discussions.
The outcome of the first interaction meeting was such that it eased the rapport building in the identified villages through the playing of folk songs, idioms, proverbs and prayers etc. In the beginning some ideas related to their routine works were floated and exchanged through which their ultimate discussions diverted them towards the farming and allied issues for further improvement.
Identification of Villages for PRA
The villages identified by the IGSSS were selected as representative areas to prepare SREP for the Sumbal tehsil and accordingly PRA was conducted in them. In this way, the villages for PRA were Inderkot, Ganastan, Gund Ibrahim and Tregam of Sumbal Sonawari tehsil. Since the tehsil falls in temperate agro climatic zone and all the selected villages have almost uniform Agro Eco Situations (AES). The selected villages only differ to the extent of various problems and facilities.
Transect Walks
Each selected village was visited as per schedule and first hand information about the topography, location, natural resources, demography, cropping patterns, vegetation, livestock and allied socio-economic activities were collected through the use of interview schedule and village transect walks. These walks were welcomed by the villagers and they liked to share their information and experiences with the scientists/ experts.
Mappings
At the end of each transect walk and interaction meeting in the selected villages, the farmers were requested to draw the resource map of their villages on drawing sheets. This exercise was highly creative and enjoyable for the villagers as well as for the other participants.
Wealth Ranking
Wealth ranking was done by direct and indirect questioning of the villagers/farmers on the basis of gross income/month/household without hurting their sentiments. In each village the farmers/villagers were classified as Low, Medium and High income group farmers. The farmers/ villagers were finally identified as resource and resource rich. The number of resource poor villagers is exceeding the resource rich in each village.
Existing Farming Systems
- To identify the farming systems in each village various enterprises viz. growing of crops, fruits, vegetables, rearing of cattle, sheep, goat, poultry, sericulture and other farming activities along with their contribution being followed were analyzed and identified . These systems slightly differ according to micro level agro-eco situations.
Gap Analysis
This was done by making comparisons between the recommended packages and existing practices followed by farmers/villagers. The specific reasons for the gaps were enquired and the farmers encouraged to propose research and extension strategies for filling such gaps. While preparing the SREP special attention is paid for farm youth and women to generate employment and income through imparting of trainings in various agro-vocations.
III.GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT SELECTED VILLAGES AND THEIR SREP
Inderkot Village
Inderkot village of Sumbal Sonawari Tehsil is spread over an area of about 150 hectares of land. More than 100 hectares are irrigated and remaining as un-irrigated and rainfed. Water is lifted from the Jehlum through irrigation canals by pump sets. Paddy is grown under water logged conditions and mostly single cropping pattern is followed. Nearly 10 hectares of land was reported under orchards.
Inderkot comprises of seven patis (hamlets), namely Chana-mohalla, Sadat-mohalla, Gunzri-mohalla, Bana-mohalla, Munz-mohalla, Sonabar and Murtazabad. The village is having 900 households with a population of 5500 persons, out of which 3000 are males and 2500 females. Besides farming, carpet making is another source of income. Almost each household is having a crossbred cow, 2-3 sheep/goat and 5-6 local poultry birds.
The village is having 1 middle school, 1 primary school, 2 EGS, 3 SSA and 3 Anganwari centers. In addition, two self help groups (2 SHGs), namely Karwane - Zainab and Himayat are active under IGSS with their focus on carpet weaving, needle work, pashmina spinning, cow and/ goat rearing and vegetable growing.
The further analysis of the data revealed the following: -
Income Groups
S.No
Income in Rupees/Month
Level of Income Group
No of Households
Percentage of Households
1
Up to 6000
Lower
342
38.00
2
6001-12000
Middle
522
58.00
3
12001 & Above
High
36
04.00
Total
900
100.00
Wealth Ranking
S.No
Category
No of Households
Percent Household
1.
Resource Poor
621
69.00
2
Resource Rich
279
31.00
Total
900
100
Existing Farming Enterprises
S.No
Enterprises
No. of households
Percentage
1
Agriculture
571
63.4
2
Horticulture
7
0.8
3
Olericulture
14
1.5
4
Animal Husbandry
338
37.5
5
Sheep Husbandry
309
34.2
6
Poultry Keeping
23
2.5
7
Sericulture (Non farm)
11
1.2
8
Handloom
435
48.3
9
Embroidery
144
16
10
Others
383
42.5
Existing Farming System
S. No
Existing Farming system
No. of households
Percentage
1.
Agriculture + Animal Husbandry + Poultry keeping
310
35
2.
Animal Husbandry + Sheep/ Goat + Horticulture
217
24
3.
Sheep/ Goat + Poultry Keeping + Agriculture
301
33
3.
Handloom + Embroidery
72
8.0
Total
900
100
Contribution of Various Enterprises
S. No
Name of Enterprises
No of Households
% contribution
1
Agriculture
369
41
2
Sheep Husbandry
171
19
3
Animal Husbandry
108
12
4
Vegetable
27
3
5
Fruits
9
1
6
Poultry Keeping
18
2
7
Sericulture (Non farm)
198
22
Total
900
100
Gund Ibrahim Village
The village is having an area of about 160 ha of land out of which 120 ha are irrigated and remaining as unirrigated or rainded. Paddy and maize are grown in Kharif and Sarson in Rabi in some lands. More than 15 ha of land is used for orchard and vegetable cultivation. The village is having about 275 households with a total population of about 2500 persons comprising of 1500 males and 1000 females. The main sources of irrigation are lift irrigation from Sukhnal, Trazpora Nallah and are also named as Trukulbal.
- The further analysis of the data reveals as under:
Resources
Income Groups
S.No
Income in Rupees/Month
Level of Income Group
No of Households
Percentage of Households
1
Up to 6000
Lower
43
16
2
6001-12000
Middle
215
78
3
12001 & Above
High
17
06
Total
275
100
Wealth Ranking
S.No
Category
No of Households
Percent Household
1.
Resource Poor
154
56
2
Resource Rich
121
44
Total
275
100
Existing Farming Enterprises
S.No
Enterprises
No. of households
Percentage
1
Agriculture
160
58
2
Horticulture
14
5
3
Olericulture
11
4
4
Animal Husbandry
66
24
5
Sheep Husbandry
83
30
6
Poultry Keeping
28
10
7
Handloom
105
38
8
Embroidery
8
3
9
Services
6
2
Existing Farming System
S. No
Existing Farming system
No. of households
Percentage
1.
Agriculture + Animal Husbandry + Vegetable + Poultry keeping
127
46
2.
Sheep/ Goat + Animal Husbandry +Agriculture + Poultry keeping
66
24
3.
Animal Husbandry + Agriculture + Horticulture + Poultry
49
18
3.
Handloom + Embroidery
33
12
Total
275
100
Contribution of Various Enterprises
S. No
Name of Enterprises
No of Households
% contribution
1
Agriculture
111
40
2
Horticulture
3
1
3
Vegetable
2
1
4
Animal Husbandry
50
18
5
Sheep Husbandry
56
20
6
Poultry Keeping
2
1
7
Sericulture (Non farm)
7
3
8
Handloom (Carpet Making)
44
16
Total
275
100
Ganastan Village
Ganastan village of Sumbal Tehsil is comprised of 5 Paties (hamlets) namely – Khanpet, Ganastan, Checki, Goonchipora and Rukh mohalla. It is having about 420 households with a total population of 3200 persons, out of which 1920 are males and 1280 females. The village is extended to an area of 400 hectares, out of which 300 hectares are irrigated and 100 hectares as unirrigated and rainfed. About 100 hectares of land is put under orchard and vegetables. Paddy and maize are grown in Kharief and wheat, oat and Sarson grown in Rabi.
The village is provided with one each high school, Angan Wari Center, post office, ECGS, SSA, Cooperative society, Unani Dispensary and sheep center. The various activities commonly carried in the village includes growing of crops, cattle rearing, sheep and goat rearing and carpet making etc. two self help groups namely Usman and Ummar Groups under IGSSS are presently helping in Sozni work and desired to divert for agricultural and other value addition activities.
Income Groups
S.No
Income in Rupees/Month
Level of Income Group
No of Households
Percentage of Households
1
Up to 6000
Lower
82
19
2
6001-12000
Middle
188
45
3
12001 & Above
High
150
36
Total
420
100
Wealth Ranking
S.No
Category
No of Households
Percent Household
1.
Resource Poor
305
72
2
Resource Rich
115
28
Total
420
100
Existing Farming Enterprises
S.No
Enterprises
No. of households
Percentage
1
Agriculture
294
70
2
Horticulture
23
5
3
Olericulture
288
69
4
Animal Husbandry
198
47
5
Sheep Husbandry
201
48
6
Poultry Keeping
150
36
7
Sericulture
48
11
8
Handloom
223
53
9
Embroidery
80
19
Existing Farming System
S. No
Existing Farming system
No. of households
Percentage
1.
Agriculture + Vegetable + Horticulture + Animal Husbandry
154
36
2.
Sheep/ Goat + Agriculture + Sericulture
130
31
3.
Agriculture + Animal Husbandry + Sheep / Goat + Poultry Keeping
104
25
3.
Handloom + Embroidery
32
8
Total
420
100
Contribution of Various Enterprises
S. No
Name of Enterprises
No of Households
% contribution
1
Agriculture
229
54
2
Horticulture
21
5
3
Olericulture
34
8
4
Animal Husbandry
28
7
5
Sheep Husbandry
43
10
6
Poultry Keeping
12
3
7
Sericulture
12
3
8
Handloom
38
9
Embroidery
3
1
Total
420
100
Tregam Village
Tregam village of Tehsil Sonawari consists of Paties (helmets) like Odina, Malikpora, Mallapora and Parraypora spread over an area of about 15 ha of land, out of which 10 ha is irrigated and rest is unirrigated and rainfed. The village is having nearly 350 households with a total population of 3261 persons. The male and female population reported is 1655 and 1605 respectively. The village is provided with four schools, one SSA and a veterinary center. The water is lifted by the pump sets from Kawasoo gauge and Badi Numble.
The cultivable area is put under paddy, maize, rajmash and vegetables in kharief and peas and oats in rabi. Only 4 ha of land is under orchards. Livestock population consists of 250 cattle, and about 200 sheep/goat. Almost each household is having 5-7 local poultry birds. The village is also having one poultry farm.
Two self help groups namely Kirmani and Gulshan under IGSSS are active for various income generating activities like needle work, carpet weaving and goat/ sheep rearing etc. These groups are well linked with various development agencies of the area. The further analysis reveals as under:
Income Groups
S.No
Income in Rupees/Month
Level of Income Group
No of Households
Percentage of Households
1
Up to 6000
Lower
60
17
2
6001-12000
Middle
130
37
3
12001 & Above
High
160
46
Total
350
100
Wealth Ranking
S.No
Category
No of Households
Percent Household
1.
Resource Poor
220
63
2
Resource Rich
130
37
Total
350
100
Existing Farming Enterprises
S.No
Enterprises
No. of households
Percentage
1
Agriculture
220
63
2
Horticulture
55
16
3
Olericulture
58
17
4
Animal Husbandry
38
11
5
Sheep Husbandry
43
12
6
Poultry Keeping
215
61
7
Sericulture
45
13
8
Handloom
80
23
9
Services
10
3
Existing Farming System
S. No
Existing Farming system
No. of households
Percentage
1.
Agriculture + Vegetable + Horticulture + Poultry Keeping
195
56
2.
Sheep/ Goat + Animal Husbandry + Agriculture + Poultry Keeping
85
24
3.
Agriculture + Vegetable + Sericulture + Poultry Keeping
60
17
3.
Handloom + Embroidery
10
3
Total
350
100
Contribution of Various Enterprises
S. No
Name of Enterprises
No of Households
% contribution
1
Agriculture
148
42
2
Horticulture
8
2
3
Olericulture
22
6
4
Animal Husbandry
32
9
5
Sheep/ Goat Husbandry
44
13
6
Poultry Keeping
14
4
7
Sericulture
10
3
8
Handloom
62
18
Services
10
3
Total
350
100
IV. Selected villages of Sumbal Sonawari Tehsil at a Glance (Facts and figures)
N = 46
1
Age (Yrs)
upto 20
21-35
36-50
51 & above
Total
No./%age
2 (4.3)
10 (21.7)
27 (58.7)
7 (15.2)
46 (100)
2
Education
Illiterate
Primary
Middle
Matric
Graduate & above
Total
No./%age
24 (52.2)
5 (10.9)
9 (19.6)
6 (13.0)
2 (4.3)
46 (100)
3
Family size
upto 4 members (small)
5-8 members (medium0
9 & above (composite)
No./%age
2 (4.3)
23 (50)
21 (45.7)
46 (100)
4
Occupation
Farming
Business
Services
More than one
Total
No/%age
18(39.1)
4(8.7)
2(4.3)
22(47.8)
46(100)
5
Income(Rs)/ Month /head
Upto 6000(Low)
6001-12000(Medium)
12001 & Above(High)
Total
No/%age
22(47.8)
14(30.5)
10(21.7)
46(100)
6
Land Holding(Size) in Kanals
Upto 5
5.1-10
10.1-15
15.1 & Above
Landless
Total
No/%age
12(26.1)
14(30.4)
11(23.9)
8(17.4)
1(2.2)
46(100)
7
Source of Information (Persons)
Family Member
Relative
Neighbour
Friends
Village Head
Total
No/%age
25(54.3)
6(13.0)
6(13.0)
3(6.5)
6(13.0)
46(100)
(Officers)
VEW
AEO
HDO
NGO
U.Scientists
None
Total
No/%age
14(30.4)
1(2.2)
1(2.2)
9(19.6)
5(10.9)
16(34.8)
46(100)
(Media)
Radio
TV
Radio & TV
Newspapers
All
None
Total
No/%age
7(15.2)
7(15.2)
24(52.2)
2(4.3)
5(10.9)
1(2.2)
46(100)
8
Frequency of Visits/ Offices
Weekly
Fortnightly
Monthly
Seasonally
Never
Total
Dev. Department.
1(2.2)
3(6.5)
3(6.5)
8(17.4)
31(67.4)
46(100)
ATIC
-
-
2(4.3)
4(8.7)
40(87.0)
46(100)
KVK
-
-
-
1(2.2)
45(97.8)
46(100)
Research Stn.
-
-
-
2(4.3)
44(95.7)
46(100)
Univ. HQ
-
-
-
10(21.7)
36(78.3)
46(100)
9
Adoption of Technology
Paddy Crop
Varieties
Local
Improved
Latest
Not Applicable
Total
No/%age
21(45.7)
13(28.3)
7(15.2)
5(10.9)
46(100)
Seed Rate(Kgs/Kanal)
Upto 3
3.1 – 4
4.1 & Above
Not Applicable
Total
No/%age
5(10.9)
5(10.9)
31(67.4)
5(10.9)
46(100)
Plants/Hill
5-8
More than 8
Not Applicable
Total
No/%age
22(47.8)
19(41.3)
5(10.9)
46(100)
Fertilizer Application
Complete NPK
Partial NPK
No NPK
Not Applicable
Total
No/%age
12(26.1)
26(56.5)
3(6.5)
5(10.9)
46(100)
Plant Protection
Use of Weedicides
Use of Fungicide/Insecticide
Use of more than one
None of Chemicals
Not Applicable
Total
No/$age
15(32.6)
1(2.2)
1(2.2)
24(52.2)
5(10.9)
46(100)
Yield/Kanal(Qtls.)
Upto 2
2.1-3.5
More than 3.5
Not Applicable
Total
No/%age
9(19.6)
18(39.1)
14(30.4)
5(10.9)
46(100)
Problems
Input Availability
Technical Know how
Natural Proneness
All Types of Problems
None of the Problems
Not Applicable
Total
No/%age
13(28.3)
8(17.4)
3(6.5)
14(30.4)
3(6.5)
5(10.9)
46(100)
10
Maize Crop
Varieties
Local
Improved
Latest
None
Total
No/%age
9(19.6)
3(6.5)
2(4.3)
32(69.6)
46(100)
Seed Rate Kgs/Kanal
Upto 1.5
1.6-3.0
More than 3
Not Applicable
Total
No/%age
3(6.5)
6(13.0)
5(10.9)
32(69.6)
46(100)
Fertilizer Application
Complete NPK
Partial NPK
No NPK
Not Applicable
Total
No/%age
1(2.2)
5(10.9)
8(17.4)
32(69.6)
46(100)
Plant Protection
Applying insecticide etc.
Not Applying any Chemical
Not Applicable
Total
No/%age
1(2.2)
13(28.3)
32(69.6)
46(100)
Yield/Kanal (Qtls.)
Upto 1
1.1-2.0
More than 2
Not Applicable
Total
No/%age
5(10.9)
6(13.0)
3(6.5)
32(69.6)
46(100)
Problems
Input Availability
Technical Know how
Natural Proneness
None of Problems
Not Applicable
Total
No/%age
3(6.5)
3(6.5)
4(8.7)
4(8.7)
32(60.6)
46(100)
11
Rabi Crops Grown
Sarson/Mustard
Oats
Wheat
More than one
None of Crops
Total
No/%age
2(4.3)
5(10.9)
2(4.3)
9(19.6)
28(60.9)
46(100)
12
Kharif Vegetables Grown
More than One
None
Total
No/%age
39(84.8)
7(15.2)
46(100)
13
Rabi Vegetables Grown
More than One
None
Total
No/%age
35(76.1)
11(23.9)
46(100)
14
Vegetable Problems
Input Availability
Technical Know how
All Types
None
Total
No/%age
5(10.9)
16(34.8)
13(28.3)
12(26.1)
46(100)
15
Fruit Orchard
Apple
Walnut
Mixed
None
Total
No/%age
11(23.9)
2(4.3)
2(4.3)
31(67.4)
46(100)
16
Apple Varieties
Local
Commercial
Mixed
None
Total
No/%age
1(2.2)
10(21.7)
2(4.3)
33(71.7)
46(100)
Orchard Age(Yrs.)
upto-5 (New)
5.1-15 (Young)
15.1-30 & More (Old)
None
Total
No/%age
6(13.0)
5(10.9)
2(4.3)
33(71.7)
46(100)
Training & Pruning
Yes
No
Not Applicable
Total
No/%age
7(15.2)
6((13.0)
33(71.7)
46(100)
Fertilizer Applications
Complete NPK
Partial NPK
No NPK
Not Applicable
Total
No/%age
2(4.3)
7(15.2)
4(8.7)
33(71.7)
46(100)
Apple Problems
Pollination
Diseases/Pests
Fertilizer application
More than one Problem
Not Applicable
Total
No/%age
1(2.2)
8(17.4)
1(2.2)
3(6.5)
33(71.7)
46(100)
17
Cattle Rearing Breed
Local
Crossbred
Both(L&C)
None
Total
No/%age
13(28.3)
18(39.1)
2(4.3)
13(28.3)
46(100)
No/Household
None
Upto 2
More than 2
Total
No/%age
13(28.3)
29(63.0)
4(8.7)
46(100)
Milk Yield/H/D (Litres)
Upto 4 (Low)
4.1 – 8.0 (Medium)
8.1 – 15.0 (High)
Nil
Total
No/%age
9(19.6)
17(37.0)
5(10.9)
15(32.6)
46(100)
Cattle Problem
Feeding
Diseases
Vet.Facilities
None
Total
No/%age
3(6.5)
25(54.3)
3(6.5)
15(32.6)
46(100)
18
Sheep/Goat Rearing Breed
Local/Improved
None
Total
No/%age
11(23.9)
35(76.1)
46(100)
No/Household
None
Upto- 2
3 - 6
More than 6
Total
No/%age
35(76.1)
5(10.9)
2(4.3)
4(8.7)
46(100)
Sheep/Goat Problem
Diseases
None
Total
No/%age
11(23.9)
35(76.1)
46(100)
19
Poultry Keeping Breed
Local
Improved
None
Total
No/%age
36(78.3)
1(2.2)
9(19.6)
46(100)
Birds/Household
None
Upto-2
3-6
More than 6
Total
No/%age
10(21.7)
3(6.5)
11(23.9)
22(47.8)
46(100)
Poultry Problems
Feeding
Housing
Diseases
None
Total
No/%age
1(2.2)
1(2.2)
27(58.7)
17(37.0)
46(100)
IV. Gap Analysis and Proposed Extension Training Strategy/ Action Plan for the Representative Villages of Sumbal Sonawari Tehsil
S. No
Enterprise/ Package Item
Existing situation/ problem
Village-wise status of the situation / problem
Recommended programme/ action plan for Sumbal Sonawari area
Inderkot
Gundibrahim
Ganastan
Tregam
A. Agriculture (Crops)
1
Paddy cultivation
Growing paddy mostly under waterlogged conditions
Severe waterlogged conditions
Less waterlogged
Mild waterlogged
Severe waterlogged
Introduction of Technology for paddy cultivation in waterlogged area through research and demonstration.
More use of local and old cultivars of paddy (Nikchina, Safed China, Roosi, China 1007 etc.)
More than one third of area under local and traditional varieties
Half of the area under local and traditional varieties
One third of area under local and traditional varieties
Three fourth area under local and traditional varieties
Replacement of paddy varieties by improved and new varieties such as China 1039, K39, Jehlum and Shalimar rice 1, through FLD programme and seed village development concept
Paddy area naturally prone to water logging stress conditions
Due to faulty and irregular water distribution system
Due to faulty and irregular water distribution system
Due to faulty and irregular water distribution system
Due to faulty and irregular water distribution system
Fair and just water distribution needs the introduction of water harvesting technologies and more water lifting stations and canals
Using higher seed rates (more than 60-80 kg /ha)
Two third of the farmers using higher seed rate than recommended
More than two third farmers using higher seed rate than recommended
Nearly two third farmer using higher seed rate than recommended
Half of the farmers using higher seed rate than recommended
Awareness training programmes can be helpful to reduce the seed rates through better nursery management
Transplanting method using more seedling per hill (Above 8 seedling per hill)
More than one third farmers using above 8 seedlings per hill
Less than one third using above 8 seedlings per hill
One third using above 8 seedling per hill
Two third farmers using above 8 seedling per hill
Mortality of seedlings should be reduced using improved seed, proper seed treatment and method of taking plants with the mud ball.
Fertilizer application (Use of NPK fertilizers)
Nearly half of the farmers using all the three fertilizers rest are using either NP of N only
More than three fourth using partial application i.e. NP or N only
Nearly two third farmers using Partial application i.e. NP or N only
Half of the farmers using Partial application i.e NP or N only
Awareness cum demonstration on use of improved seed and balanced fertilizers through FLD and OFT programmes
Plant protection measures
More than half of the farmer using weedicide and only five percent using insecticide/ fungicides
More than 15 % farmers using weedicide only
One fourth of the farmers using weedicide and more than 8% are using fungicide
None of the farmers using any plant protection measure
Conducting of training programmes related to weed control, blast management and paddy grasshoppers.
Yield
Nearly half of the farmers harvesting 2.1 to 3.5 q /kanal
Less than half of the farmers harvesting 2.1 to 3.5 q/kanal
Two third farmers harvesting 2.1 to 3.5 q/kanal
Only one fourth of the farmers harvesting 2.1 to 3.5 q/ kanal
The yields per kanal can be increased through the demonstration of scientific cultivation of paddy under water logged conditions in each village.
2
Maize
Grown local varieties under rainfed conditions as cattle fodder or mixed with Rajmash
One fourth of the farmers growing maize under rainfed conditions
Two third of the farmers growing maize under rainfed conditions
Less than one fourth of the farmers growing maize under rainfed conditions
One fourth of the farmers growing maize under rainfed conditions
High yielding (for grain and fodder) and low water requirement varieties should be popularized through demonstrations and training programmes
Methods of sowing and seed rate
One fourth of the farmers growing maize under rainfed conditions and using seed rate 1.6 to 3 kg/kanal
Two third of the farmers growing maize under rainfed conditions and using seed rate 1.6 to 3 kg/kanal
Less than one fourth of the farmers growing maize under rainfed conditions and using seed rate 1.6 to 3 kg/kanal
One fourth of the farmers growing maize under rainfed conditions and using seed rate 1.6 to 3 kg/kanal
FLD programme on maize cultivation may be conducted in each village. Emphasis be given on recommended seed rate
Fertilizer application (Use of NPK fertilizers)
None of the farmer using any fertilizer
None of the farmer using any fertilizer
Few farmers (8%) using fertilizers
None of the farmer using any fertilizer
Awareness should be created to apply recommended dose of fertilizers through FLDs
Plant protection measures
Although problem of stem borer and leaf sheath blight reported but none of the plant protection measures taken
Although problem of stem borer and leaf sheath blight reported but none of the plant protection measures taken
Although problem of stem borer and leaf sheath blight reported but none of the plant protection measures taken
Although problem of stem borer and leaf sheath blight reported but none of the plant protection measures taken
Integrated Pest Management on Maize may be introduced.
Yield
Maize is generally grown as fodder however grain yield from 50 kg to 2 q /kanal is reported
Maize is generally grown as fodder however grain yield from 50 kg to 2 q /kanal is reported
Maize is generally grown as fodder however grain yield from 50 kg to 2 q /kanal is reported
Maize is generally grown as fodder however grain yield from 50 kg to 2 q /kanal is reported
Technology related to farmers encouragement in getting dual benefit may be demonstrated in each village
3
Rabi Crops
Mustard,oats and Wheat
Two third of the farmers not taking any rabi crop, however remaining one third taking oats and wheat for fodder purposes.
Half of the farmers not taking any rabi crop, however remaining one third taking mustard (Oilseed) and wheat for fodder purposes.
More than half of the farmers not taking any rabi crop, however remaining one third taking oats and wheat for fodder purposes.
Two third of the farmers not taking any rabi crop, however remaining one third taking wheat for fodder purposes.
Technology for taking double cropping may be demonstrated and improved/ new fodder crop/ seed should be provided for cultivation purposes
4
General cropping pattern
Single cropping system (Monoculture) predominantly followed
In kharief mostly paddy is grown while in rabi the fields are water logged and remains fellow
In kharief mostly paddy is grown while in rabi the fields are water logged and remains fellow
In kharief mostly paddy is grown while in rabi the fields are water logged and remains fellow
In kharief mostly paddy is grown while in rabi the fields are water logged and remains fellow
Technology for taking double cropping may be demonstrated and improved/ new fodder crop/ seed should be provided for cultivation purposes
B. Vegetables
1
Kharief vegetables
Growing almost all types of vegetables for home consumption only (Cole, Solanaeceous, Cucurbits and other vegetables).
Two third growing vegetables for domestic purpose (Kitchen gardening)
Almost all growing vegetables for domestic purpose (Kitchen gardening)
Almost all growing vegetables for domestic purpose (Kitchen gardening)
More than Two third growing vegetables for domestic purpose (Kitchen gardening)
Almost all of the farmers have their own kitchen gardens. So imparting training on kitchen garden for fresh, balanced and regular supply of vegetables for home consumption shall be of paramount importance specially for the rural women
Input availability (seeds, fertilizers etc.)
Just adequate
Inadequate
Just adequate
Adequate
The SHGs in the villages can take the challenge of input availability and facilitate the community
Insect, pest and disease problems (Cut worms, borers, aphids, wilt and blight etc.)
Nearly half of the farmers/ growers facing insect, pest and disease problem
Half of the farmers /growers facing insect, pest and disease problem
More than three fourth of the farmers /growers facing insect, pest and disease problem
Nearly all the farmers /growers facing insect, pest and disease problem
Vegetable, pests and diseases (like cut worms, borers and wilt and blight in chillies, capsicum, tomato and brinjal) are posing a serious threat and envisages conduction of IPM training programmes / course for farm women and youth. Seed and seedling treatment may be popularized.
Latest polyhouse technology, seed production, off season, post-harvest vegetable production technologies for commercial purposes.
Unknown to the farmers but mostly interested in training
Unknown to the farmers but mostly interested in training
Unknown to the farmers but mostly interested in training
Unknown to the farmers but mostly interested in training
Training programme related to fruit set in cucurbits by pollination methods for women and farm youth. Training related to commercialization and vegetable seed production for farm youth and women. Training on post harvest management of farm women and youth through SHGs shall lead to women empowerment
2
Rabi vegetables
Growing leafy, root vegetables, peas etc. on limited scale due to drainage system
More than half of the farmers growing rabi vegetables in their kitchen gardens
Nearly two third of the farmers growing rabi vegetables in their kitchen gardens
All the farmers growing rabi vegetables in their kitchen gardens
More than two third of the farmers growing rabi vegetables in their kitchen gardens
Awareness cum training programmes on scientific cultivation of rabi vegetables in the area for women folk specially is of great importance
Inputs and latest technical know-how
More than one third of the farmers face problem of inputs and technical know-how
Less than one fourth of the farmers face problem of inputs and technical know-how
One fourth of the farmers face problem of inputs and technical know-how
More than half of the farmers face problem of inputs and technical know-how
Vegetables with higher water requirement (water loving vegetables) be popularized. Training programmes for seed production and post-harvest technology should be introduced
C. Horticulture
B
Fruit Growing (Apple, Pear, Walnut etc.)
Fruit growing is limited to higher elevations, karewa lands and recently earth filled lands. Mostly orchards are poorly managed and facing problems of insect pest diseases (Root rot, collar rot, scab, alterneria etc.), pollination, fruit set, fruit drop, false pruning etc. In apple and pear orchards. Insect, pest and disease problem in walnut (walnut weevil, stem borer etc.
More than one third growing apple only
One third growing apple and walnut equally
One fourth growing almost all types of temperate fruits
More than one third growing all types of fruits
Since fruit growing is not common, however apple pear and walnut trees in some of the orchard were poorly managed in absence of proper technical know-how. To improve the horticulture in the area, intensive training is needed in orchard layout, management, IPM, pruning and training, plant propagation methods etc. for the farm youth to develop skill in fruit culture and generate employment.
D. Livestock
1
Cattle (cow and draught animals)
Lack of know-how and veterinary facilities with regards to breed improvement and milk yield
Three fourth of the farmers rearing cattle yielding mostly 4 liters of milk per day per head. Nearly half cattle population cross bred
Three fourth of the farmers rearing cattle yielding mostly 4 liters of milk per day per head. One fourth cattle population cross bred
More than Three fourth of the farmers rearing cattle yielding mostly 4 liters of milk per day per head. Half cattle population cross bred
More than one third of the farmers rearing cattle yielding mostly 4 to 8 liters of milk per day per head. One fourth cattle population cross bred
Cattle rearing in the area is prominent and nearly three fourth households keeping one or two cattle yielding milk even up to 15 liters in some cases per day. Training programme on stock improvement (Breed Improvement) through synchronization and AI programmes.
Dosing and vaccination, cattle diseases like FMD, Mastitis, ecto and endo parasites, Rinderpest etc.
More than half farmers reported cattle diseases as main problem
Less than one fourth farmers reported cattle diseases as main problem
Nearly one third farmers reported cattle diseases as main problem
Negligible percentage of farmers reported cattle diseases as main problem
Training programme on treatment / vaccination and dosing against diseases like FMD, Mastitis and endo ecto parasites (Worms, ticks and mites) etc.
Feeding of cattle
One third of farmers reported fodder/ feed shortages for cattle
None of farmers reported fodder/ feed shortages for cattle
Nearly two third of farmers reported fodder/ feed shortages for cattle
None of farmers reported fodder/ feed shortages for cattle
Training programme on preparation and use of balanced cattle rations. Introduction and growing of new fodders in the area
Willing of development a dairy commercial unit
None of the farmer know about the commercial unit
None of the farmer know about the commercial unit
None of the farmer know about the commercial unit
None of the farmer know about the commercial unit
After crop production, cattle rearing are an important activity of the area and needs to be organized through development of dairy units and cooperatives for collection and distribution of milk.
2
Sheep/ goat rearing
Good number of local goats and cross breed sheep needs breed improvement
One fifth farmers rearing goat / sheep up to 6 Nos or more per head
Half of the farmers rearing goat / sheep up to 6 Nos or more per head
Less than one fifth farmers rearing goat / sheep up to 6 Nos or more per head
Less than one half farmers rearing goat / sheep up to 6 Nos or more per head
Nearly one fourth of the farmers rearing goat/ sheep in the area up to six Nos. or more per household. Thus promoting the sheep / goat rearing activity as a viable unit for unemployed / farm youth can be popularized.
Dosing and vaccination
The diseases like FMD, Mangitits, foot rot, endo and ecto parasites reported.
The diseases like FMD, Mangitits, foot rot, endo and ecto parasites reported.
The diseases like FMD, Mangitits, foot rot, endo and ecto parasites reported.
The diseases like FMD, Mangitits, foot rot, endo and ecto parasites reported.
Sheep/ goat care units in the villages be established. Training programme on treatment/ vaccination and dosing against the diseases prevalent in the area
Development of sheep and goat unit
None of the farmer know about the commercial unit
None of the farmer know about the commercial unit
None of the farmer know about the commercial unit
None of the farmer know about the commercial unit
Promoting the sheep and goat rearing activity on Establishment of sheep / goat unit for employment and income generation for rural youth and women.
3
Poultry keeping
Keeping of only few local birds per household for domestic purposes
Three fourth of the farmers keeping 3 to 6 local birds per household
Less than three fourth of the farmers keeping 3 to 6 local birds per household
More than three fourth of the farmers keeping 3 to 6 local birds per household
More than three fourth of the farmers keeping 3 to 6 local birds per household
Introduction of backyard poultry with improved / new breed (Vonraja) for commercial purposes through women SHGs of the area may be encouraged.
More bird mortality due to poultry diseases (Cocidiosis, Ranikhet etc.)
One half farmers facing disease problem in poultry keeping
One half farmers facing disease problem in poultry keeping
One half farmers facing disease problem in poultry keeping
All the farmers facing disease problem in poultry keeping
Organization of training programmes on scientific poultry keeping and control of diseases like Ranikhet, Cocidiosis etc.
E. Allied activities
Handicrafts
Prominent in handicraft activities
About the Author
COMMENTS INVITED
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