Pest Control Services the best way to keep the periphery safe and free from pests
Pest control services provide precaution and eradication of pests found at various places including home. None of the homes or otherwise commercial institutions would like to have pests in their living or working area. When you have unknown pest and they attack you in the home atmosphere and the beds, is it not considering enough to go for pest control device and services. There are various pest which infect the periphery of home as well as different organizations. The bad bugs which attack the house is spiders, occasional ants, silverfish, scorpions, centipedes, etc. The bed bugs are crucial to eliminate as they stay in the bed and they survive by drawing blood when you are asleep. Moreover you will find cockroaches on every household. They are totally threatening insects that spoil all your food and ingredients. Therefore it is essential to find a perfect pest service that provides unique catering and solution to your pest control. The disturbing creatures can give you a hell of a time to adjust. The unwarranted pest has to be eradicated and killed for the safety of the area and the home. There are many professional companies that give such eradication disinfectant. Mouse is another menace in home. These are the most awful kind of creatures to eradicate. It is difficult to remove them permanently as they keep on returning. They are mostly parasites. The other parasite is the termites. They grow at places where you cannot imagine. They quickly build their home inside your home before you could realize. However, to kill this menace it is essential to appoint one genuine pest control services that is reliable and dependable. Pest control devices and the company engaged on the deal have various ways to eradicate pests by using different chemicals. They are competent of handling the eradication process with guarantee. A knowledgeable pest control service provider eradicates all pests from their designated area. Any pests including snakes, mice, and other vices staying in your periphery or the home and official premises are killed by the professional pest control services. At the first instance of their service the menace of pests are reduced. However, the treatment has to be regular and with professional advice. You have weekly, monthly and quarterly services for pest control. The finest services are available with pestservices.org. Their website provides all information regarding pest control and the services they render.
[simpleaffiliate source="amazon" results="10"]pest control device[/simpleaffiliate] [simpleaffiliate source="cj" results="10"]pest control device[/simpleaffiliate] [simpleaffiliate source="clickbank" results="5"]pest control device[/simpleaffiliate]
[simpleaffiliate source="chitika" results="0"][/simpleaffiliate] Does anyone know if those ultrasonic mouse repellent devices have any effect on house rabbits?
I've discovered that with the cold weather mice have made their way into my house and I just can't kill anything so I was thinking of trying an ultrasonic pest repellent device. I have pet rabbits and I don't want to upset them or hurt their ears with it so I was hoping that someone might know if they have any effects on rabbits. Thanks
I must let you know that I bought 4 of these devices to get rid of a mouse in my kitchen. They did not work! Wish I could answer the question about the rabbits. Good luck to you....
Viatek Pest Free
[simpleaffiliate source="amazon" results="8"]ultrasonic pest repellent[/simpleaffiliate] [simpleaffiliate source="cj" results="5"]ultrasonic pest repellent[/simpleaffiliate] [simpleaffiliate source="clickbank" results="5"]ultrasonic pest repellent[/simpleaffiliate]
Does The Electronic Rodent Repeller Actually Work To Get Rid Of Unwanted Pests?
Rodents tend to be a big issue if they've found a way to enter into your house. They usually are noisy keeping you awake at night while they wander around your attic and throughout your house. Rodents also can transmit diseases and can pass them via their urine and droppings. If you've recently discovered that you have a rodent problem, then you are most likely wondering what is a simple way to get rid of them, and does an electronic rodent repeller actually do the job?
There are lots of ways to get rid of rodents in your home. There are repellents, glue boards, poisons, or snap traps to name just a few. However none of these are as simple as plugging an electronic rodent repeller into a wall outlet. No setting out traps, handling poison, or having to deal with rodent carcasses.
The electronic rodent repeller can work two different ways. One type functions by plugging straight into a 120 volt wall outlet and puts out an ultrasonic frequency somewhere between 30 kHz and 55 kHz. These high frequency sound waves are way too high to be heard by humans and also household pets like dogs and cats. However they are able to be heard by rodents. These kinds of sound waves form an irritating environment for the rodents and forces them out. It alters the sound waves and doesn't repeat the same frequency so the rodent can't become accustomed to it.
Another type of electronic rodent repeller makes use of the electromagnetic field in your home in order to drive out rodents. The device plugs into a 120 volt wall electric outlet and uses the electrical wiring inside of the walls, ceiling, and floors and vibrates its electromagnetic field. Rodents will pick up on this and get aggravated and leave, however humans and also household pets are not able to sense the vibrations.
In terms of the electronic rodent repeller working, well it's gotten mixed reviews. Some of the individuals have been extremely happy and no longer have any rodent problems. But some individuals say they haven't taken care of their rodent problems. All I can say is in the event that you're getting all set to wage war against the invading rodents at your home, paying $12 for this simple fix is definitely worth a try due to the fact it is easy, clean, and you won't need to deal with dead rodent bodies.
[simpleaffiliate source="amazon" results="10"]electronic pest repeller[/simpleaffiliate] [simpleaffiliate source="cj" results="10"]electronic pest repeller[/simpleaffiliate] [simpleaffiliate source="clickbank" results="5"]electronic pest repeller[/simpleaffiliate]
Summertime is here again, and what better way to spend it than cooling off in your home, visiting the beach, or spending the day grilling? Unfortunately, we aren't the only ones that are active this summer. Knowing proper pest control can make us feel much better in this sweltering heat and bugs buzzing all around. If we are not well informed about the chemical and mechanical aspects of pest control, then they could pose a serious threat to our health. Try to employ the following organic pest tips to keep your household healthy and pest free this summer season:
1. Ants- Ants are very invasive, and if you are not aware of them early on, they can overtake your food in no time. Fire ants, along with biting you, can also contaminate your food and cause structural damage through tunneling through your home. A safe trap to make is combining sugar, honey and water in a shallow plate which will effectively stick many ants to the surface. For heavy traffic areas, cinnamon or cayenne pepper could be very effective in repelling them. A mixture of soap, water, and alcohol or borax can eliminate them, or if you can find the anthill or colony then you could also use boiling water directly on the hill.
2. Rats- Rats are a great threat, not only contaminating your home but also leaving dirt everywhere. They can pose a serious threat to you by spreading filth through urine and fecal matter and also scratching or biting if not careful. Poisons can effectively kill these pests, but keep in mind that they are also toxic to children or pets. Another thing to note, if the rats die, their remains may become stuck in the walls which can cause even more problems! The best rat control method to deal with them would be using traps, such as making a ramp leading to a trash can filled with rotten foods. Using this method, you can release them into the wild or dispose of them humanely. Electronic rat traps also work well, as they will lure, electrocute and store rat bodies without spreading remains anywhere. If you are intent on killing them regardless of where they will end up, then leave vitamin D3 lying around. Rats will suffer a cardiovascular attack, whereas most pets and children will feel no effect.
3. Mosquitoes- One of the most annoying pests out there, mosquitoes will increase in number over the summer months. You should eliminate them as soon as you can, as malaria, west nile virus and dengue fever are just a few pathogens they can spread. Many chemical sprays use DDT, a dangerous chemical with health consequences if overused. Try mixing together apple cider vinegar, eucalyptus oil and witch hazel to use as a spray. Rubbing Thai lemon grass oil on exposed areas of skin would also work well. If you are grilling and need a solution for a whole area, try using a citronella based candle to deter mosquitoes.
4. Termites- Termites are the most active during the summer and feed primarily on rotting wood sources, although they have been known to bore through healthy wood to reach it. As such, termites can cause tremendous structural damage to your home. Some common pest control methods to deter termites would be to use orange oil near suspected high traffic areas. Replacing infested or rotten wood with termite treated wood is a good idea if you can find the problem areas. The most difficult part, however, is finding the colony and a specialist would be able to find it much faster.
5. Bed Bugs- Bed bugs are some of the most problematic and invasive creatures you can find in your home. These pests can lead to rashes, infections, scabies and other health complications due to the bites they inflict while you sleep. As many people tend to travel during the summer, they will also accidently spread bed bugs from hotel bed to hotel bed so knowing how to get rid of bed bugs is important. A good thing to remember is to wash your clothing and sheets with hot water immediately coming back from a hotel stay. Vacuuming regularly reduces the chance of breeding, so be sure to do that as well. If you do spot an infestation, you can try to use Diatomaceous earth to deter them to a degree, but like termites, are very hard to spot. If you are sure you have a bed bug problem, then consult a professional immediately as they have the appropriate tools to deal with it quickly.
Now that you have an arsenal of natural pest control weapons, you can enjoy your summer without worrying about these invasive creatures. Remember to consult a professional if a particular pest problem is truly out of control- otherwise feel free to use these methods around your home for daily pest control.
About the Author
Ultrasonic Pest Control
[simpleaffiliate source="amazon" results="10"]pest control electronic[/simpleaffiliate] [simpleaffiliate source="cj" results="10"]pest control electronic[/simpleaffiliate]
The Points You Need To Concentrate on Industrial Pest Control
The hazard from pests normally happens during the warm nights of summer and springtime. You will discover numerous pests and bugs that keeps on flying and crawling approximately us, that might be damaging and from time to time destructive. These pests have a tendency being are quite unsafe for the health and could also be irritating in many circumstances. Industrial pest control is surely an crucial aspect of everyday life and you'll find lots of men and women that are not conscious in the factors to accomplish being equipped to put together rid of those bugs.
One in the a lot of kinds in fighting these pests could be the utilization of repellents. It is really the traditional system of eliminating pest using chemical pesticides, on the other hand it could possibly cause several wellbeing-linked troubles. Working with window shield as well as the wire mesh is one more strategy to repel pests, which can be positioned on doors and windows and it stops the bugs from entering the house.
One more successful way of receiving rid of pests that a vast majority of industrial pest control use is space fumigation, although it may be risky for individuals who will inhale the fumes. Essentially the most typical pests that you simply could see almost everywhere are ants, cockroaches, flies, and rodents. It truly is essential to detect probably probably the most helpful pest control process with respect on the type of pests.
Once we see these pests bugging our home or household essentially the most typical technique that folks uses is chemical sprays. At this time you will discover a big variety of electronics that happen to be close to and is claimed for being much more reputable as compared to a different strategy just before. You have to look into your massive total pest repelling gadgets you are able to get in the current market and decide on the a single that can go well with your wants.
The current day time devices used in finding rid of pests are setting pleasant and it has not as much unwanted results on human being well being. These forms extremely affordable and easy to utilize. You are able to also choose the costly 1. The cheap pest control often requires several quantity earlier than it will possible be able of finding rid from the pests.
It's possible you'll also opt for through the volume of pest repellents which you will discover to the web these days. Decide on the one which will probably be not just efficient but also the one which will go well with your budget. It truly is also ideal to recognize first which pests is often located with your residence earlier than deciding upon the very best repellent as well as the industrial pest control that you just have to have.
Freelance Writer and Blogger. Passionate about writing on varied topics , specifically SEo tools, online promotion and web marketing tactics.
Electronic Pest Control
[simpleaffiliate source="amazon" results="10"]electronic pest control[/simpleaffiliate] [simpleaffiliate source="cj" results="10"]electronic pest control[/simpleaffiliate]
There are many types of living things on the planet wherein humans are considered as one of the highly developed one. All these living organism are very essential for leading a perfect ecosystem wherein the entire activities will move out in a balanced manner without any issues. Pest can be considered as one of the living things that are causing lots of issues in many places wherein majority of them are leading to the formation of different types of damages. It is true that the entire pests are not found in all parts of the world. You will be able to find ants commonly in most of the places wherein it will sneak through each and every corner without facing any issues.
The worst part is that most of the varieties of ants move in a group rather than traveling all alone and as a result they are mostly interested in getting inside the food items that are sweet to taste. Similarly you can find rats in different parts of the globe as there are different varieties of rats. This can be considered as more dangerous pests than when compared to the ants as this help is completely damaging many things in the house as it is interested in mainly getting inside the kitchen. Also this can be considered as the main carrier of various diseases that can badly affect the man without any confusion. This can be considered as one of the highly poisonous pest as you will end up with many disorders if you are attacked by the rats.
There are many pest control products in the market. In fact you will be aware about the presence of various chemical substances manufactured by different companies with the main aim of getting rid of the rats if administered in the required spots. Most of the pests are able to overcome the issues caused by these chemicals and now with the development of the technology you can find various electric gadgets used for getting rid of the different types of pests. These things are commonly referred as the pest repellent. There are many providers selling these items in the online market wherein you will be able to get them at offer price without spending much and sometimes with great discounts.
About the Author
The electronic pest control are for the purpose of getting rid of animal pests in the most safe and effective manners. Find the best solution for the problem with pests with pest control online For more details, please visit our website.
Electronic Pest Control - Advantages With the Electronic Pest Control Services
Pest is just like germs, we are all helpless. When it comes to pest category, there are many insects like Ants, mice, termites, roaches, spiders, whether their scientific classification is insect, arthropod or rodent it is irrelevant when you see one on your living room wall, or dotting across your kitchen floor. To resolve this issue, we must need pest control products.
In that products, electronic pest control is the best one. It eliminates unwanted rodents, insects and other pests through the use of an electrically powered device. The most common type of the device, an electronic pest repeller, emits a sound or vibration that drives pests away. The price range of these electronic pest controls on the market range is ten to hundred dollars.
And now a question rose in your mind that how does this works. An electronic pest repellent generates a signal that is irritating to pests, but harmless to humans. Devices fall into two main categories, ultrasonic and electromagnetic. Ultrasonic pest repellents generate a sound wave that is too high in pitch for human ears, but drives pests out of your home to find a quieter place to lice. Ultrasonic devices do not work through walls or around corners, so take this into consideration when the situation the device.
Electromagnetic pest control repellents use the wiring of your home as a type of antenna. The electrical current is subtly manipulated to generate a magnetic field that is uncomfortable about pests. This method is great for dealing with pests living near wires in your walls, which can be popular nesting spots. The downside is that it will not work in areas without wiring, like attics and basements.
Most of the people around the world are interested to choose this way control for a combination of the following reasons. All of these electronic products are non toxic and no poison. These pests are repelled and not killed. Finally, there are some well established and experienced manufacturers of these pest control products are selling through online. For more information and details, please do not hesitate to visit their valuable website.
About the Author
If you are looking for most effective and safe way to get rid of pests, then electronic pest control is best for the need. Herostatus, having great experience in the field of pest control products will definitely help you. For more details about pest repellant products, please visit our website.
High Tech Pest Repellers Make Life Much More Comfortable For Sure
In our high-tech world, where we are constantly looking for ways to ensure that creepy crawlies are kept out of our homes and away from us, sonic pest repellers which claim to keep just about anything that crawls or scuttles out of the home, are becoming more popular. A pest repeller will target those things which we do not want to see or hear around the home so it may well be worth while giving them a try.
These gadgets work by emitting a sound too high for the human ear to hear. Of course, this does not apply to the bugs or rodents so once they hear this excruciating sound they just turn around and go somewhere else.
These plug-in models are used in homes and offices everywhere and they will all have different ranges. Some will claim to cure the problem in an average house, while others will recommend one on each floor of the building. Either way, they are a very clean way of keeping out unwanted visitors and they are safe for children and pets alike.
It used to be that pesticides and sprays had to be used around any home. Coupled with poison baits, this proved to be a little dangerous to the inhabitants since no one wants to breathe in these noxious fumes for sure. Poison bait was also too dangerous where little hands could pick it up so the result was that they bait had to be put in inaccessible places which may not be where the rodent problem actually is.
For those who are interested in this kind of product, doing a little homework may well provide the ideal solution to an ever-growing problem. For example, some gadgets not only emit ultrasonic sounds, they also emit ions which clears the air of any kind of bacteria too. This is great when kids and pets are resident since we can never know what is floating around causing problems.
Whatever the problem is, be it spiders, ticks, rodents or other unmentionable bugs make sure that the gadget covers exactly what the house needs ridding of. It may be better here to target the worst problem and add other gadgets later on once the worst has been eliminated. For example, if mosquitoes are the main problem, and these blood sucking bugs can cause sickness for sure, then make sure that the gadget is made specifically for these.
Indeed, there are some smaller battery operated versions of these gadgets which people can wear about their clothing to stop mosquitoes from sucking blood from the unsuspecting victim. These are great for picnics or nights in the garden since this is the prime time to be bitten.
For the home, the electrically operated versions are the best since no one wants to keep checking on batteries all the time. These gadgets can just be plugged in and forgotten about once they are operating and the results should be seen quite quickly after that. Look online for some great bargains or 'two for' deals which make life a little more economical.
About the Author
Stewart Wrighter is researching a pest repeller for use at his home. He has discovered that a sonic pest repeller may do the job.
PestChaser® Ultrasonic Rodent Repellent, How it Works | Victorpest.com
[simpleaffiliate source="amazon" results="8"]sonic pest repellent[/simpleaffiliate] [simpleaffiliate source="cj" results="5"]sonic pest repellent[/simpleaffiliate] [simpleaffiliate source="clickbank" results="5"]sonic pest repellent[/simpleaffiliate]
Bisphenol A was first reported by A.P. Dianin in 1891.
It is prepared by the condensation of acetone (hence the suffix A in the name) with two equivalents of phenol. The reaction is catalyzed by an acid, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) or a sulfonated polystyrene resin. Typically, a large excess of phenol is used to ensure full condensation:
(CH3)2CO + 2 C6H5OH (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2 + H2O
A large number of ketones undergo analogous condensation reactions. The method is efficient and the only by-product is water.
Use
Further information: Polycarbonate
Repeating chemical structure unit of polycarbonate made from bisphenol A
Bisphenol A is used primarily to make plastics, and products containing bisphenol A-based plastics have been in commerce for more than 50 years. It is a key monomer in production of epoxy resins and in the most common form of polycarbonate plastic. Polycarbonate plastic, which is clear and nearly shatter-proof, is used to make a variety of common products including baby and water bottles, sports equipment, medical and dental devices, dental fillings and sealants, eyeglass lenses, CDs and DVDs, and household electronics. BPA is also used in the synthesis of polysulfones and polyether ketones, as an antioxidant in some plasticizers, and as a polymerization inhibitor in PVC. Epoxy resins containing bisphenol A are used as coatings on the inside of almost all food and beverage cans, however, due to BPA health concerns, in Japan epoxy coating was mostly replaced by PET film. Bisphenol A is also a precursor to the flame retardant, tetrabromobisphenol A, and was formerly used as a fungicide. Bisphenol A is a preferred color developer in thermal paper and in carbonless copy paper.
Global production of bisphenol A in 2003 was estimated to be over 2 million tonnes. In the U.S., it is manufactured by Bayer MaterialScience, Dow Chemical Company, SABIC Innovative Plastics (formerly GE Plastics), Hexion Specialty Chemicals, and Sunoco Chemicals. In 2004, these companies produced just over 1 million t of bisphenol A, up from just 7,260 t in 1991. In 2003, annual U.S. consumption was 856,000 t, 72% of which was used to make polycarbonate plastic and 21% going into epoxy resins.
Identification in plastics
Main article: Resin identification code
Some type 7 plastics may leach bisphenol A
Some type 3 plastics may leach bisphenol A
There are seven classes of plastics used in packaging applications. Type 7 is the catch-all "other" class, and some type 7 plastics, such as polycarbonate (sometimes identified with the letters "PC" near the recycling symbol) and epoxy resins, are made from bisphenol A monomer.
Type 3 (PVC) can also contain bisphenol A as an antioxidant in plasticizers.
Types 1 (PET), 2 (HDPE), 4 (LDPE), 5 (polypropylene), and 6 (polystyrene) do not use bisphenol A during polymerization or package forming.[citation needed]
Health effects
Bisphenol A is an endocrine disruptor, which can mimic the body's own hormones and may lead to negative health effects. Early development appears to be the period of greatest sensitivity to its effects. Regulatory bodies have determined safety levels for humans, but those safety levels are currently being questioned or under review as a result of new scientific studies.
In 2009 the The Endocrine Society released a scientific statement expressing concern over current human exposure to BPA.
Previous studies
In 2007, a consensus statement by 38 experts on bisphenol A concluded that average levels in people are above those that cause harm to animals in laboratory experiments. A panel convened by the U.S. National Institutes of Health determined that there was "some concern" about BPA's effects on fetal and infant brain development and behavior. A 2008 report by the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) later agreed with the panel, expressing "some concern for effects on the brain, behavior, and prostate gland in fetuses, infants, and children at current human exposures to bisphenol A," and "minimal concern for effects on the mammary gland and an earlier age for puberty for females in fetuses, infants, and children at current human exposures to bisphenol A." The NTP had "negligible concern that exposure of pregnant women to bisphenol A will result in fetal or neonatal mortality, birth defects, or reduced birth weight and growth in their offspring."
Obesity
A 2008 review has concluded that obesity may be increased as a function of BPA exposure, which "merits concern among scientists and public health officials". A 2009 review of available studies has concluded that "perinatal BPA exposure acts to exert persistent effects on body weight and adiposity". Another 2009 review has concluded that "Eliminating exposures to (BPA) and improving nutrition during development offer the potential for reducing obesity and associated diseases". Other reviews have come with similar conclusions. A later study on rats has suggested that perinatal exposure to drinking water containing 1 mg/L of BPA increased adipogenesis in females at weaning.
Neurological issues
A panel convened by the U.S. National Institutes of Health determined that there was "some concern" about BPA's effects on fetal and infant brain development and behavior. A 2008 report by the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) later agreed with the panel, expressing "some concern for effects on the brain". In January 2010 the FDA expressed the same level of concern.
A 2007 review has concluded that BPA, like other xenoestrogens, should be considered as a player within the nervous system that can regulate or alter its functions through multiple pathways. A 2007 review has concluded that low doses of BPA during development have persistent effects on brain structure, function and behavior in rats and mice. A 2008 review concluded that low-dose BPA maternal exposure causes long-term consequences at the level of neurobehavioral development in mice. A 2008 review has concluded that neonatal exposure to Bisphenol-A (BPA) can affect sexually dimorphic brain morphology and neuronal phenotypes in adulthood. A 2008 review has concluded that BPA altered long-term potentiation in the hippocampus and even nanomolar dosage could induce significant effects on memory processes. A 2009 review raised concerns about BPA effect on anteroventral periventricular nucleus.
A 2008 study by the Yale School of Medicine demonstrated that adverse neurological effects occur in non-human primates regularly exposed to bisphenol A at levels equal to the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) maximum safe dose of 50 g/kg/day. This research found a connection between BPA and interference with brain cell connections vital to memory, learning and mood.
Highly controversial claims have been made that BPA could be involved in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Disruption of the dopaminergic system
A 2005 review concluded that prenatal and neonatal exposure to BPA in mice can potentiate the central dopaminergic systems, resulting in the supersensitivity to the drugs-of-abuse-induced reward effects and hyperlocomotion.
A 2008 review has concluded that BPA, mimic estrogenic activity and impact various dopaminergic processes to enhance mesolimbic dopamine activity resulting in hyperactivity, attention deficits, and a heightened sensitivity to drugs of abuse.
A 2009 study on rats has concluded that prenatal and neonatal exposure to low-dose BPA causes deficits in development at dorsolateral striatum via altering the function of dopaminergic receptors. Another 2009 study has found associated changes in the dopaminergic system.
Thyroid function
A 2007 review has concluded that bisphenol-A have been shown to bind to thyroid hormone receptor and perhaps have selective effects on its functions.
A 2009 review about environmental chemicals and thyroid function, raised concerns about BPA effects on triiodothyronine and concluded that "available evidence suggests that governing agencies need to regulate the use of thyroid-disrupting chemicals, particularly as such uses relate exposures of pregnant women, neonates and small children to the agents".
A 2009 review summarized BPA adverse effects on thyroid hormone action.
Cancer research
According to the WHO's INFOSAN, "animal studies have not provided convincing evidence of risk of cancer from BPA exposure."
Neither the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency nor the International Agency for Research on Cancer has evaluated bisphenol A for possible carcinogenic activity.
Breast cancer
Further information: Risk factors of breast cancer#Bisphenol A
A 2008 review has concluded that "perinatal exposure to (...) low doses of (..) BPA, alters breast development and increases breast cancer risk". Another 2008 review concluded that " animal experiments and epidemiological data strengthen the hypothesis that foetal exposure to xenoestrogens may be an underlying cause of the increased incidence of breast cancer observed over the last 50 years".
A 2009 in vitro study has concluded that BPA is able to induce neoplastic transformation in human breast epithelial cells. Another 2009 study concluded that maternal oral exposure to low concentrations of BPA during lactation increases mammary carcinogenesis in a rodent model.
Neuroblastoma
In vitro studies have suggested that BPA can promote the growth of neuroblastoma cells. A 2010 in vitro study has concluded that BPA potently promote invasion and metastasis of neuroblastoma cells through overexpression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 as well as downregulation of TIMP2.
Prostate development and cancer
A 1997 study in mice has found that neonatal BPA exposure of 2 g/kg increased adult prostate weight. A 2005 study in mice has found that neonatal BPA exposure at 10 g/kg disrupted the development of the fetal mouse prostate. A 2006 study in rats has shown that neonatal bisphenol A exposure at 10 g/kg levels increases prostate gland susceptibility to adult-onset precancerous lesions and hormonal carcinogenesis. A 2007 in vitro study has found that BPA within the range of concentrations currently measured in human serum is associated with permanently increase in prostate size. A 2009 study has found that newborn rats exposed to a low-dose of BPA (10 g/kg) increased prostate cancer susceptibility when adults.
Reproductive system and sexual behavior research
A series of studies made in 2009 found:
Mouse ovary anomalies from exposition as low as 1 g/kg, concluded that BPA exposure causes long-term adverse reproductive and carcinogenic effects if exposure occurs during prenatal critical periods of differentiation.
Neonatal exposure of as low as 50 g/kg disrupts ovarian development in mice.
Neonatal BPA exposition of as low as 50 g/kg permanently alters the hypothalamic estrogen-dependent mechanisms that govern sexual behavior in the adult female rat.
Prenatal exposure to BPA at levels of (10 g/kg/day) affects behavioral sexual differentiation in male monkeys.
In placental JEG3 cells in vitro BPA may reduce estrogen synthesis.
BPA exposure disrupted the blood-testis barrier when administered to immature, but not to adult, rats.
Exposure to BPA in the workplace could produce sexual dysfunction in male adult humans.
General research
In 2009, at an Endocrine Society meeting new research reported data from animals experimentally treated with BPA. Studies presented at the group's annual meeting show BPA can affect the hearts of women, can permanently damage the DNA of mice, and appear to be entering the human body from a variety of unknown sources.
A 2009 in vitro study on cytotrophoblasts cells has found cytoxic effects in exposure of BPA doses from 0.0002 to 0.2 micrograms per millilitre and concluded this finding "suggests that exposure of placental cells to low doses of BPA may cause detrimental effects, leading in vivo to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, prematurity and pregnancy loss"
A 2009 study in rats concluded that BPA, at the reference safe limit for human exposure, was found to impact intestinal permeability and may represent a risk factor in female offspring for developing severe colonic inflammation in adulthood.
A 2010 study on mice has concluded that perinatal exposure to 10 micrograms/mL of BPA in drinking water enhances allergic sensitization and bronchial inflammation and responsiveness in an animal model of asthma.
Studies on humans
Lang study and heart disease
The first large study of health effects on humans associated with bisphenol A exposure was published in September 2008 by Iain Lang and colleagues in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The cross-sectional study of almost 1,500 people assessed exposure to bisphenol A by looking at levels of the chemical in urine. The authors found that higher bisphenol A levels were significantly associated with heart disease, diabetes, and abnormally high levels of certain liver enzymes. An editorial in the same issue notes that while this preliminary study needs to be confirmed and cannot prove causality, there is precedent for analogous effects in animal studies, which "add[s] biological plausibility to the results reported by Lang et al."
A later similar study performed by the same group of scientists, published in January 2010, confirmed, despite of lower concentrations of BPA in the second study sample, an associated increased risk for heart disease but not for diabetes or liver enzymes.
Other studies
Studies have associated recurrent miscarriage with BPA serum concentrations, oxidative stress and inflamattion in postmenopausal women with urinary concentrations, externalizing behaviors in two-year old children, especially among female children, with mother's urinary concentrations, and altered hormone levels in men with urinary concentrations.
Historical studies
The first evidence of the estrogenicity of bisphenol A came from experiments on rats conducted in the 1930s, but it was not until 1997 that adverse effects of low-dose exposure on laboratory animals were first reported.
Low dose exposure in animals
Dose (g/kg/day)
Effects (measured in studies of mice or rats,
descriptions (in quotes) are from Environmental Working Group)
Study Year
0.025
"Permanent changes to genital tract"
2005
0.025
"Changes in breast tissue that predispose cells to hormones and carcinogens"
2005
1
long-term adverse reproductive and carcinogenic effects
2009
2
"increased prostate weight 30%"
1997
2
"lower bodyweight, increase of anogenital distance in both genders, signs of early puberty and longer estrus."
2002
2.4
"Decline in testicular testosterone"
2004
2.5
"Breast cells predisposed to cancer"
2007
10
"Prostate cells more sensitive to hormones and cancer"
2006
10
"Decreased maternal behaviors"
2002
30
"Reversed the normal sex differences in brain structure and behavior"
2003
50
Adverse neurological effects occur in non-human primates
2008
50
Disrupts ovarian development
2009
A study from 2008 concluded that blood levels of bisphenol A in neonatal mice are the same whether it is injected or ingested. The current U.S. human exposure limit set by the EPA is 50 g/kg/day.
Xenoestrogen
There is evidence that bisphenol A functions as a xenoestrogen by binding strongly to estrogen-related receptor (ERR-). This orphan receptor (endogenous ligand unknown) behaves as a constitutive activator of transcription. BPA seems to bind strongly to ERR- (dissociation constant = 5.5 nM), but not to the estrogen receptor (ER). BPA binding to ERR- preserves its basal constitutive activity. It can also protect it from deactivation from the selective estrogen receptor modulator 4-hydroxytamoxifen.
Different expression of ERR- in different parts of the body may account for variations in bisphenol A effects. For instance, ERR- has been found in high concentration in the placenta, explaining reports of high bisphenol A accumulation in this tissue.
Human exposure sources
Bisphenol A has been known to leach from the plastic lining of canned foods and, to a lesser degree,[citation needed] polycarbonate plastics, especially those that are cleaned with harsh detergents or used to contain acidic or high-temperature liquids. A recent Health Canada study found that the majority of canned soft drinks it tested had low, but measurable levels of bisphenol A. This exposure through metal cans is due to the fact that BPA is an ingredient in the internal coating of food and beverage metal cans used to protect the food from direct contact with metal. While most human exposure is through diet, exposure can also occur through air and through skin absorption.
BPA is found in high concentration in thermal paper, which is commonly used to print receipts in automated machines, and carbonless copy paper.
Studies by the CDC found bisphenol A in the urine of 95% of adults sampled in 19881994 and in 93% of children and adults tested in 200304. Infants fed with liquid formula are among the most exposed, and those fed formula from polycarbonate bottles can consume up to 13 micrograms of bisphenol A per kg of body weight per day (g/kg/day; see table below). The most sensitive animal studies show effects at much lower doses, while the EPA considers exposures up to 50 g/kg/day to be safe. In 2009, a study found that drinking from polycarbonate bottles increased urinary bisphenol A levels by two thirds, from 1.2 micrograms/gram creatinine to 2 micrograms/gram creatinine.
Consumer groups recommend that people wishing to lower their exposure to bisphenol A avoid canned food and polycarbonate plastic containers (which shares resin identification code 7 with many other plastics) unless the packaging indicates the plastic is bisphenol A-free. The National Toxicology Panel recommends avoiding microwaving food in plastic containers, putting plastics in the dishwasher, or using harsh detergents, to avoid leaching.
A 2009 small US study funded by the EWG has detected an average of 2.8 ng/mL BPA in the blood of 9 out of the 10 umbilical cords tested.
In the US and Canada, BPA has been found in infant liquid formula in concentrations varying from 0.48 to 11 ng/g. BPA has been rarely found in infant powder formula (only 1 of 14).
Population
Estimated daily bisphenol A intake, g/kg/day.
Table adapted from the National Toxicology Program Expert Panel Report.
Infant (06 months)
formula-fed
111
Infant (06 months)
breast-fed
0.21
Infant (612 months)
1.6513
Child (1.56 years)
0.04314.7
Adult
0.0081.5
Pharmacokinetics
There's no agreement between scientists of a PBPK BPA model for humans. The effects of BPA on an organism depends on how much free BPA is available and for how long cells are exposed to it. Glucuronidation in the organism reduces the amount of free BPA, however BPA glucuronide can be deconjugated by beta-glucuronidase, an enzyme present in high concentration in placenta and other tissues. Free BPA can also be inactivated by sulfation, a process that can also be reverted by arylsulfatase C.
A 2009 research has found that some drugs, like naproxen, salicylic acid, carbamazepine and mefenamic acid can, in vitro, significantly inhibit BPA glucuronidation.
Environmental risk
BPA can contaminate the environment either directly or through degradation of products containing BPA, such as ocean-borne plastic trash.
As an environmental contaminant this compound interferes with nitrogen fixation at the roots of leguminous plants associated with the bacterial symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. Despite a half-life in the soil of only 110 days, its ubiquity makes it an important pollutant. According to Environment Canada, "initial assessment shows that at low levels, bisphenol A can harm fish and organisms over time. Studies also indicate that it can currently be found in municipal wastewater."
A 2009 review of the biological impacts of plasticizers on wildlife published by the Royal Society with a focus on annelids (both aquatic and terrestrial), molluscs, crustaceans, insects, fish and amphibians concluded that BPA have been shown to affect reproduction in all studied animal groups, to impair development in crustaceans and amphibians and to induce genetic aberrations.
Government and industry response
World Health Organization
Arguing uncertainty of possible adverse health effects of low dose BPA exposure, especially on the nervous system and on behaviour, and also the differences of exposure of very young children, the WHO announced in November 2009 that it would organize an expert consultation in 2010 to assess BPA safety.
Australia and New Zealand
The Australia and New Zealand Food Safety Authority (Food Standards Australia New Zealand) does not see any health risk with bisphenol A baby bottles if the manufacturers instructions are followed. Levels of exposure are very low and do not pose a significant health risk. It added that he move by overseas manufacturers to stop using BPA in baby bottles is a voluntary action and not the result of a specific action by regulators.1] It suggests the use of glass baby bottles if parents have any concerns.
Canada
In April 2008, Health Canada assessed that the chemical may pose some risk to infants and proposed classifying the chemical as "'toxic' to human health and the environment."
After the release of that assessment, Canadian Health Minister Tony Clement announced Canada's intent to ban the import, sale, and advertisement of polycarbonate baby bottles containing bisphenol A due to safety concerns, and investigate ways to reduce BPA contamination of baby formula packaged in metal cans. While the agency concluded that human exposures were less than levels believed to be unsafe, the margin of safety was not high enough for formula-fed infants. Around the same time, Wal-Mart announced that it was immediately ceasing sales in all its Canadian stores of food containers, water and baby bottles, sippy cups, and pacifiers containing bisphenol A, and that it would phase out baby bottles made with it in U.S. stores by early 2009. Nalgene also announced it will stop using the chemical in its products, and Toys-R-Us said it too will cease selling baby bottles made from it. Subsequent news reports showed many retailers removing polycarbonate drinking products from their shelves.
In 2006, Canadian regulators selected bisphenol A as one of 200 substances deserving of thorough safety assessments because preliminary studies had found it to be "inherently toxic"; the chemical had not previously been studied by them in depth, having been accepted under grandfather clauses when stricter regulations were passed in the 1980s.
The federal government has formally declared bisphenol A a hazardous substance as of October 2008 and is now placed on its list of toxic substances. Health officials wrote in Canada Gazette that "It is concluded that bisphenol A be considered as a substance that may be entering the environment in a quantity or concentration or under conditions that constitute or may constitute a danger in Canada to human life or health." The federal ministries of health and the environment announced they would seek to restrict imports, sales and advertising of polycarbonate baby bottles containing BPA.
In its statement Gc.ca released on 18 October 2008, Health Canada noted that isphenol A exposure to newborns and infants is below levels that cause effects and that the eneral public need not be concerned.
Europe
European Union
The updated 2008 European Union Risk Assessment Report on bisphenol A, published in June 2008 by the European Commission and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that bisphenol A-based products, such as polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins, are safe for consumers and the environment when used as intended. By October 2008, after the Lang Study was published, the EFSA issued a statement concluding that the study provided no grounds to revise the current TDI (Tolerable Daily Intake) level for BPA of 0.05 mg/kg bodyweight.
A 2009 scientific study criticized the European risk assessment processes of endocrine disruptors, including BPA.
On 22 December 2009 the EU Environment ministers released a statement expressing concerns over recent studies showing adverse effects of exposure to endocrine disrupters.
The EFSA is scheduled to release another opinion on BPA by May 2010.
Denmark
In May 2009, the Danish parliament passed a resolution to ban the use of BPA in baby bottles. However, this has yet to be enacted as of December 2009, because the Danish Minister of Public Health seeks further evidence of the hazardous effect of BPA.
France
On 27 July 2009, French senator members of the RDSE proposed legislation to ban BPA of plastics used as food containers.
On 5 February 2010, the French Food Safety Agency (AFSSA) questioned the previous assessments of the health risks of BPA, especially in regard to behavioral effects observed in rat pups following exposure in utero and during the first months of life.
Germany
On 19 September 2008, the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut fr Risikobewertung, BfR) stated that there was no reason to change the current risk assessment for bisphenol A on the basis of the Lang Study.
In October, 2009, the German environmental organization Bund fr Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland requested a ban on BPA for childrens' products, especially pacifiers, and products that make contact with food. In response, some manufacturers voluntarily removed the problematic pacifiers from the market.
Netherlands
On 6 November 2008, the Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (VWA), stated in a newsletter that baby bottles made from polycarbonate plastic do not release measurable concentrations of bisphenol A and therefore are safe to use.
Switzerland
In February 2009 the Swiss Federal Office for Public Health, based on reports of other health agencies, stated that the intake of bisphenol A from food represents no risk to the consumer, including newborns and infants. However, in the same statement it advised for proper use of polycarbonate baby bottles and listed alternatives.
UK
In December 2009 responding to a letter from a group of seven scientists that urged the UK Government to dopt a standpoint consistent with the approach taken by other Governments who have ended the use of BPA in food contact products marketed at children150] the UK Food Standards Agency reaffirmed in January 2009 their view that xposure of UK consumers to BPA from all sources, including food contact materials, was well below levels considered harmful.
United States
September 2008
In September, the National Toxicology Program finalized their report on bisphenol A, finding "some concern", mid-point of a five-level scale, that infants were at risk from exposure to the chemical.
At that time, the FDA reassured consumers that current limits were safe, but convened an outside panel of experts to review the issue. The Lang study was also released that month, and David Melzer, a co-author of the study, presented the results of the study before the FDA panel.
The editorial accompanying the Lang study's publication in JAMA criticized the FDA's assessment of bisphenol A: "A fundamental problem is that the current ADI [acceptable daily intake] for BPA is based on experiments conducted in the early 1980s using outdated methods (only very high doses were tested) and insensitive assays. More recent findings from independent scientists were rejected by the FDA, apparently because those investigators did not follow the outdated testing guidelines for environmental chemicals, whereas studies using the outdated, insensitive assays (predominantly involving studies funded by the chemical industry) are given more weight in arriving at the conclusion that BPA is not harmful at current exposure levels."
The Union of Concerned Scientists similarly criticized the agency saying, "We're concerned that the FDA is basing its conclusion on two studies while downplaying the results of hundreds of other studies.... This appears to be a case of cherry-picking data with potentially high cost to human health."
In contrast, the American Chemistry Council, the manufacturing industry's lobby group, was skeptical of the latest study.
March 2009
Sunoco, a producer of gasoline and chemicals, is now refusing to sell the chemical to companies for use in food and water containers for children younger than 3, saying it can't be certain of the compound's safety. Sunoco plans to require its customers to guarantee that the chemical will not be used in children's food products.
The six largest US companies which commercialize baby bottles decided to stop using bisphenol A in their products. Suffolk County, New York banned baby beverage containers made with bisphenol A.
On March 13 leaders from the House and Senate proposed legislation to ban bisphenol A.
In the same month, Rochelle Tyl, author of two studies used by FDA to assert BPA safety in August 2008, said those studies didn't claim that BPA is safe since they weren't designed to cover all aspects of the chemical's effects.
May 2009
Among the first US jurisdictions to pass regulations limiting or banning BPA were Minnesota and Chicago. Minnesota's regulation takes effect in 2010, "manufacturers of ... children's products containing BPA may not sell them in the state after Jan. 1, 2010. The ban extends to all retailers in the state a year later." The products impacted are known as sippy cups and baby bottles. The City of Chicago adopted a similar ban shortly thereafter. Coverage of Chicago's ban in the news showed a relentless opposition by the industry. A Chicago Tribune article noted an up-hill battle while passing legislation, "[industry officials] used FDA position on the issue when they tried to block the city measure." It further notes that,
he FDA continues to be recalcitrant and very slow about taking any action on BPA, said Ald. Manny Flores (1st), who co-sponsored the Chicago measure with Ald. Edward Burke.
Chicago bans the sale after 2010 of any empty food or drink container containing BPA that is intended for use by children less than 3 years old.
Burke and Flores pushed the measure through after backing down from a more aggressive version that would have outlawed nearly any product for children that was made with the chemical. Still, the chemical industry fought hard to thwart the scaled-back ban, including hiring former Ald. Terry Gabinski to lobby against it. The American Chemistry Council trade group responded with a written statement that called [the] vote nwarranted..
In May 2009 the Washington Post accused the manufacturers of food and beverage containers and some of their biggest customers of trying to devise a public relations and lobbying strategy to block government BPA bans.
June 2009
In June 2009, the FDA announced the decision to reconsider the BPA safety levels.
Connecticut was the first US state to ban bisphenol A from infant formula and baby food containers, as well from any reusable food or beverage container.
July 2009
The California Environmental Protection Agency's Developmental and Reproductive Toxicant Identification Committee unanimously voted against placing Bisphenol A on the state's list of chemicals that are believed to cause reproductive harm. The panel, although concerned over the growing scientific research showing BPA's reproductive harm in animals, found that there was insufficient data of the effects in humans. Critics point out that the same panel failed to add second-hand smoke to the list until 2006, and only one chemical was added to the list in the last three years.
August 2009
On August 3, Massachusetts' Department of Public Health advised mothers to take certain actions to prevent possible health impact in children. Mothers with children up to two years old were advised to limit exposure by avoiding products that might contain BPA, such as plastic drinking bottles and other plastic materials with recycling codes of 7 or 3.
The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, as part of an ongoing investigative series into BPA and its effects, revealed plans by the Society of the Plastics Industry to execute a major public relations blitz to promote BPA, including plans to attack and discredit those who report or comment negatively on the monomer and its effects.
September 2009
On September 29, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced that it is evaluating BPA, and another five chemicals, for action plan development.
October 2009
On October 28, the NIH announced $30,000,000 in stimulus grants to study the health effects of BPA. This money is expected to result in many peer-reviewed publications.
November 2009
The Consumer Reports magazine published an analysis of BPA content in some canned foods and beverages, where in specific cases the content of a single can of food could exceed the current FDA Cumulative Exposure Daily Intake.
January 2010
On January 15 the FDA expressed "some concern", the middle level in the scale of concerns, about the potential effects of BPA on the brain, behavior, and prostate gland in fetuses, infants, and young children and announced it was taking reasonable steps to reduce human exposure to BPA in the food supply. However, the FDA is not recommending that families change the use of infant formula or foods, as it sees the benefit of a stable source of good nutrition to outweigh the potential risk from BPA exposure.
On the same date the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services released information for parents to reduce children's BPA exposure.
February 2010
According with the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, which supports BPA ban, after lobbyists for the chemical industry met with administration officials, the EPA delayed BPA regulation and not included the chemical in action plan released December 30, 2009.
Many US states are considering some sort of BPA ban.
See also
Look up bisphenol a in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Food contact materials
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE)
References
^ "Update on Bisphenol A for Use in Food Contact Applications: January 2010". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 15 January 2010. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm197739.htm. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
^ Dianin (1891). Zhurnal russkogo fiziko-khimicheskogo obshchestva. 23. pp. 492.
^ Zincke, Theodor (1905). "Ueber die Einwirkung von Brom und von Chlor auf Phenole: Substitutionsprodukte, Pseudobromide und Pseudochloride". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 343: 7599. doi:10.1002/jlac.19053430106.
^ Uglea, Constantin V.; Ioan I. Negulescu (1991). Synthesis and Characterization of Oligomers. CRC Press. p. 103.
^ a b c d Fiege, Helmut; Heinz-Werner Voges, Toshikazu Hamamoto, Sumio Umemura, Tadao Iwata, Hisaya Miki, Yasuhiro Fujita, Hans-Josef Buysch, Dorothea Garbe, Wilfried Paulus (2002). Phenol Derivatives. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_313.
^ Replogle, Jill (2009-07-17). "Lawmakers to press for BPA regulation". California Progress Report. http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/2009/07/committee_succe.html. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
^ Ubelacker, Sheryl (2008-04-16). "Ridding life of bisphenol A a challenge". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/article/415296. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
^ Kroschwitz, Jacqueline I.. Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 5 (5 ed.). pp. 8.
^ a b c d e National Toxicology Program, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2007-11-26). "CERHR Expert Panel Report for Bisphenol A" (PDF). http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/chemicals/bisphenol/BPAFinalEPVF112607.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
^ a b Erickson, Britt E. (June 2, 2008). "Bisphenol A under scrutiny". Chemical and Engineering News (American Chemical Society) 86 (22): 3639. http://pubs.acs.org/isubscribe/journals/cen/86/i22/html/8622gov1.html.
^ Byrne, Jane (22 September 2008). "Consumers fear the packaging - a BPA alternative is needed now". http://www.foodnavigator.com/Financial-Industry/Consumers-fear-the-packaging-a-BPA-alternative-is-needed-now. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
^ Pesticideinfo.org: Bisphenol A
^ US patent 6562755
^ Fukazawa, H.; Hoshino, K.; Shiozawa, T.; Matsushita, H.; Terao, Y. (2001). "Identification and quantification of chlorinated bisphenol a in wastewater from wastepaper recycling plants". Chemosphere 44 (5): 973979. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00507-5. PMID 11513431. edit
^ a b Lang IA, Galloway TS, Scarlett A, Henley WE, Depledge M, Wallace RB, Melzer D (2008). "Association of Urinary Bisphenol A Concentration With Medical Disorders and Laboratory Abnormalities in Adults". JAMA 300 (300): 1303. doi:10.1001/jama.300.11.1303. PMID 18799442. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/300.11.1303.
^ Biello D (2008-02-19). "Plastic (not) fantastic: Food containers leach a potentially harmful chemical". Scientific American 2. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=plastic-not-fantastic-with-bisphenol-a. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
^ Jack Snyder (2009-08-24). "Styrene Not a Human Carcinogen, Does Not Contain BPA". Styrene Information and Research Center (SIRC), Arlington, Va.. http://www.styrene.org/news_styrene_human_health/not_carcinogen_no_bpa_statement.html. Retrieved 2009-12-28.
^ Gore, Andrea C. (June 8, 2007). Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press. ISBN 978-1588298300.
^ Oonnor, JC; Chapin, RE (2003). "Critical evaluation of observed adverse effects of endocrine active substances on reproduction and development, the immune system, and the nervous system" (Full Article). Pure Appl. Chem 75 (1112): 20992123. doi:10.1351/pac200375112099. http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/pdf/7511x2099.pdf. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
^ Okada H, Tokunaga T, Liu X, Takayanagi S, Matsushima A, Shimohigashi Y (January 2008). "Direct evidence revealing structural elements essential for the high binding ability of bisphenol A to human estrogen-related receptor-gamma". Environ. Health Perspect. 116 (1): 328. doi:10.1289/ehp.10587. PMID 18197296.
^ a b c vom Saal FS, Myers JP (2008). "Bisphenol A and Risk of Metabolic Disorders". JAMA 300 (300): 1353. doi:10.1001/jama.300.11.1353. PMID 18799451. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/300.11.1353.
^ a b Draft Screening Assessment for The Challenge Phenol, 4,4' -(1-methylethylidene)bis- (Bisphenol A)Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 80-05-7. Health Canada, 2008.
^ Beronius, A.; Rudn, C.; Hkansson, H.; Hanberg, A. (2009). "Risk to all or none?-A comparative analysis of controversies in the health risk assessment of Bisphenol A". Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.11.007. PMID 19931376. edit
^ Endocrine Society released scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals
^ vom Saal FS, Akingbemi BT, Belcher SM, et al (2007). "Chapel Hill bisphenol A expert panel consensus statement: integration of mechanisms, effects in animals and potential to impact human health at current levels of exposure". Reprod. Toxicol. 24 (2): 1318. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.07.005. PMID 17768031.
^ a b c Since you asked - Bisphenol A: Questions and Answers about the Draft National Toxicology Program Brief on Bisphenol A, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences website.
^ Elobeid, M.; Allison, D. (Oct 2008). "Putative environmental-endocrine disruptors and obesity: a review". Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity 15 (5): 403408. doi:10.1097/MED.0b013e32830ce95c. ISSN 1752-296X. PMID 18769210. edit
^ Rubin, B.; Soto, A. (May 2009). "Bisphenol A: Perinatal exposure and body weight". Molecular and cellular endocrinology 304 (1-2): 5562. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.023. ISSN 0303-7207. PMID 19433248. edit
^ Heindel, J.; Vom Saal, F. (May 2009). "Role of nutrition and environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals during the perinatal period on the aetiology of obesity". Molecular and cellular endocrinology 304 (1-2): 9096. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.025. ISSN 0303-7207. PMID 19433253. edit
^ Newbold, R.; Padilla-Banks, E.; Jefferson, W. (May 2009). "Environmental estrogens and obesity". Molecular and cellular endocrinology 304 (1-2): 8489. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.024. ISSN 0303-7207. PMID 19433252. edit
^ Grn, F.; Blumberg, B. (May 2009). "Endocrine disrupters as obesogens". Molecular and cellular endocrinology 304 (1-2): 1929. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.018. ISSN 0303-7207. PMID 19433244. edit
^ Somm, E. (2009). "Perinatal Exposure to Bisphenol a Alters Early Adipogenesis in the Rat (PDF)". Environmental Health Perspectives. doi:10.1289/ehp.11342. edit
^ Panzica, G.; Viglietti-Panzica, C.; Mura, E.; Quinn Mj, J.; Lavoie, E.; Palanza, P.; Ottinger, M. (2007). "Effects of xenoestrogens on the differentiation of behaviorally-relevant neural circuits". Frontiers in neuroendocrinology 28 (4): 179200. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.07.001. PMID 17868795. edit
^ Richter, C.; Birnbaum, L.; Farabollini, F.; Newbold, R.; Rubin, B.; Talsness, C.; Vandenbergh, J.; Walser-Kuntz, D. et al. (2007). "In vivo effects of bisphenol a in laboratory rodent studies". Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) 24 (2): 199224. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.06.004. PMID 17683900. edit
^ Palanza, P; Gioiosa; Vom Saal; Parmigiani (2008). "Effects of developmental exposure to bisphenol a on brain and behavior in mice". Environmental research 108 (2): 1507. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.023. PMID 18949834. edit
^ Patisaul, H.; Polston, E. (2008). "Influence of endocrine active compounds on the developing rodent brain". Brain research reviews 57 (2): 352362. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.008. PMID 17822772. edit
^ Ogiue-Ikeda, M.; Tanabe, N.; Mukai, H.; Hojo, Y.; Murakami, G.; Tsurugizawa, T.; Takata, N.; Kimoto, T. et al. (2008). "Rapid modulation of synaptic plasticity by estrogens as well as endocrine disrupters in hippocampal neurons". Brain research reviews 57 (2): 363375. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.010. PMID 17822775. edit
^ 10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.02.002
^ a b Leranth C, Hajszan T, Szigeti-Buck K, Bober J, Maclusky NJ (September 2008). "Bisphenol A prevents the synaptogenic response to estradiol in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of ovariectomized nonhuman primates". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (37): 14187. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806139105. PMID 18768812.
^ Layton, Lindsey (September 4, 2008). "Chemical in Plastic Is Connected to Health Problems in Monkeys". Washington Post. pp. A02. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/03/AR2008090303397.html?hpid=topnews. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
^ Brown, J. S.; Jr, (2009). "Effects of Bisphenol-A and Other Endocrine Disruptors Compared with Abnormalities of Schizophrenia: an Endocrine-Disruption Theory of Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin 35: 256. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm147. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643957/. edit
^ Kiguchi, M.; Fujita, S.; Oki, H.; Shimizu, N.; Cools, A. R.; Koshikawa, N. (2008). "Behavioural characterisation of rats exposed neonatally to bisphenol-A: responses to a novel environment and to methylphenidate challenge in a putative model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder". Journal of Neural Transmission 115 (7): 1079. doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0044-5. PMID 18368283. edit
^ a b Tanida, T.; Warita, K.; Ishihara, K.; Fukui, S.; Mitsuhashi, T.; Sugawara, T.; Tabuchi, Y.; Nanmori, T. et al. (2009). "Fetal and neonatal exposure to three typical environmental chemicals with different mechanisms of action: mixed exposure to phenol, phthalate, and dioxin cancels the effects of sole exposure on mouse midbrain dopaminergic nuclei.". Toxicology letters 189 (1): 4047. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.04.005. PMID 19481886. edit
^ Suzuki; Mizuo, K; Miyagawa, K; Narita, M (2005). "Exposure to bisphenol-A affects the rewarding system in mice". Nihon shinkei seishin yakurigaku zasshi = Japanese journal of psychopharmacology 25 (3): 1258. PMID 16045194. edit
^ Jones, D.; Miller, G. (2008). "The effects of environmental neurotoxicants on the dopaminergic system: A possible role in drug addiction". Biochemical pharmacology 76 (5): 569581. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.010. PMID 18555207. edit
^ Zhou, R.; Zhang, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Chen, L.; Sokabe, M.; Chen, L. (2009). "Deficits in development of synaptic plasticity in rat dorsal striatum following prenatal and neonatal exposure to low-dose bisphenol A". Neuroscience 159 (1): 161171. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.028. PMID 19162132. edit
^ Zoeller, R. (2007). "Environmental chemicals impacting the thyroid: targets and consequences". Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association 17 (9): 811817. doi:10.1089/thy.2007.0107. PMID 17956155. edit
^ Boas, M.; Main, K.; Feldt-Rasmussen, U. (Oct 2009). "Environmental chemicals and thyroid function: an update". Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity 16 (5): 385391. doi:10.1097/MED.0b013e3283305af7. ISSN 1752-296X. PMID 19625957. edit
^ Kashiwagi, K.; Furuno; Kitamura; Ohta; Sugihara; Utsumi; Hanada; Taniguchi et al. (2009). "Disruption of Thyroid Hormone Function by Environmental Pollutants". Journal of Health Science 55: 147. doi:10.1248/jhs.55.147. http://jhs.pharm.or.jp/data/55(2)/55_147.pdf. edit
^ a b "BISPHENOL A (BPA) - Current state of knowledge and future actions by WHO and FAO". 27 November 2009. http://www.who.int/entity/foodsafety/publications/fs_management/No_05_Bisphenol_A_Nov09_en.pdf. Retrieved 02 December 2009.
^ U.S.EPA, IRIS: Bisphenol A
^ Agents Reviewed by the Monographs Volumes 199
^ Brisken, C. (2008). "Endocrine Disruptors and Breast Cancer". CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 62: 406409. doi:10.2533/chimia.2008.406. edit
^ Soto, A.; Vandenberg, L.; Maffini, M.; Sonnenschein, C. (2008). "Does breast cancer start in the womb?". Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology 102 (2): 125133. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00165.x. PMID 18226065. edit
^ Fernandez, S. V.; Russo, J. (2009). "Estrogen and Xenoestrogens in Breast Cancer". Toxicologic Pathology. doi:10.1177/0192623309354108. edit
^ Jenkins, S.; Raghuraman, N.; Eltoum, I.; Carpenter, M.; Russo, J.; Lamartiniere, C. A. (2009). "Oral Exposure to Bisphenol a Increases Dimethylbenzanthracene-Induced Mammary Cancer in Rats" (Free full text). Environmental Health Perspectives. doi:10.1289/ehp.11751. http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2009/11751/11751.html. edit
^ Zhu, H.; Xiao, X.; Zheng, J.; Zheng, S.; Dong, K.; Yu, Y. (2009). "Growth-promoting effect of bisphenol a on neuroblastoma in vitro and in vivo". Journal of Pediatric Surgery 44 (4): 672680. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.10.067. PMID 19361625. edit
^ Zheng, J.; Xiao, X.; Liu, J.; Zheng, S.; Yin, Q.; Yu, Y. (2007). "Growth-promoting effect of environmental endocrine disruptors on human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells". Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 24: 189193. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2007.05.003. edit
^ Zhu, H; Zheng, J; Xiao, X; Zheng, S; Dong, K; Liu, J; Wang, Y (2010). "Environmental endocrine disruptors promote invasion and metastasis of SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells". Oncology reports 23 (1): 12939. PMID 19956873. edit
^ Nagel, SC; Vom Saal; Thayer; Dhar; Boechler; Welshons (1997). "Relative binding affinity-serum modified access (RBA-SMA) assay predicts the relative in vivo bioactivity of the xenoestrogens bisphenol a and octylphenol". Environmental health perspectives 105 (1): 706. doi:10.2307/3433065. PMID 9074884. edit
^ Timms, B.; Howdeshell, K.; Barton, L.; Bradley, S.; Richter, C.; Vom Saal, F. (2005). "Estrogenic chemicals in plastic and oral contraceptives disrupt development of the fetal mouse prostate and urethra". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (19): 70147019. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502544102. PMID 15867144. edit
^ Ho, S.; Tang, W.; Belmonte De Frausto, J.; Prins, G. (2006). "Developmental exposure to estradiol and bisphenol a increases susceptibility to prostate carcinogenesis and epigenetically regulates phosphodiesterase type 4 variant 4". Cancer research 66 (11): 56245632. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0516. PMID 16740699. edit
^ Richter, C.; Taylor, J.; Ruhlen, R.; Welshons, W.; Vom Saal, F. (2007). "Estradiol and Bisphenol a stimulate androgen receptor and estrogen receptor gene expression in fetal mouse prostate mesenchyme cells". Environmental health perspectives 115 (6): 902908. doi:10.1289/ehp.9804. PMID 17589598. edit
^ Prins, G. (2008). "Developmental exposure to bisphenol a increases prostate cancer susceptibility in adult rats: epigenetic mode of action is implicated". Fertility and Sterility 89: e41-e41. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.023. edit
^ a b Newbold, R.; Jefferson, N.; Padilla-Banks, E. (Jun 2009). "Prenatal exposure to bisphenol a at environmentally relevant doses adversely affects the murine female reproductive tract later in life". Environmental health perspectives 117 (6): 879885. doi:10.1289/ehp.0800045. ISSN 0091-6765. PMID 19590677. edit
^ a b Adewale, B.; Jefferson, N.; Newbold, R.; Patisaul, B. (Jun 2009). "Neonatal Bisphenol-A Exposure Alters Rat Reproductive Development and Ovarian Morphology Without Impairing Activation of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Neurons" (Free full text). Biology of reproduction 81 (4): 690699. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.109.078261. ISSN 0006-3363. PMID 19535786. http://www.biolreprod.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19535786. edit
^ Study Finds Reproductive Health Effects From Low Doses of Bisphenol-A
^ Bosquiazzo, L.; Varayoud, J.; Muoz-De-Toro, M.; Luque, H.; Ramos, G. (Aug 2009). "Effects of Neonatal Exposure to Bisphenol a on Steroid Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Endothelial Cell Proliferation in the Adult Rat Uterus" (Free full text). Biology of reproduction. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.109.078543. ISSN 0006-3363. PMID 19696011. http://www.biolreprod.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19696011. edit
^ Monje, L.; Varayoud, J.; Muoz-De-Toro, M.; Luque, H.; Ramos, G. (Jul 2009). "Neonatal exposure to bisphenol a alters estrogen-dependent mechanisms governing sexual behavior in the adult female rat". Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) 28 (4): 435442. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.06.012. ISSN 0890-6238. PMID 19577632. edit
^ Nakagami, A.; Negishi, T.; Kawasaki, K.; Imai, N.; Nishida, Y.; Ihara, T.; Kuroda, Y.; Yoshikawa, Y. et al. (Sep 2009). "Alterations in male infant behaviors towards its mother by prenatal exposure to bisphenol a in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) during early suckling period". Psychoneuroendocrinology 34 (8): 11891197. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.005. ISSN 0306-4530. PMID 19345509. edit
^ Huang, H.; Leung, K. (Sep 2009). "Bisphenol a downregulates CYP19 transcription in JEG-3 cells". Toxicology letters 189 (3): 248252. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.853. ISSN 0378-4274. PMID 19539015. edit
^ Li; Mruk, D.; Lee, W.; Cheng, C. (2009). "Disruption of the blood-testis barrier integrity by bisphenol a in vitro: is this a suitable model for studying blood-testis barrier dynamics?". The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 41 (11): 23022314. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2009.05.016. PMID 19497385. edit
^ Benachour, N.; Aris, A. (2009). "Toxic effects of low doses of Bisphenol-A on human placental cells.". Toxicology and applied pharmacology 241 (3): 322328. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.09.005. PMID 19769995. Lay summary. edit
^ Braniste, V.; Jouault, A.; Gaultier, E.; Polizzi, A.; Buisson-Brenac, C.; Leveque, M.; Martin, P.; Theodorou, V. et al. (2009). "Impact of oral bisphenol a at reference doses on intestinal barrier function and sex differences after perinatal exposure in rats" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907697107. PMID 20018722. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/12/10/0907697107.full.pdf. edit
^ Midoro-Horiuti, T.; Tiwari, R.; Watson, C.; Goldblum, R. (2010). "Maternal bisphenol a exposure promotes the development of experimental asthma in mouse pups". Environmental health perspectives 118 (2): 273277. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901259. PMID 20123615. edit
^ Newscientist.com Plastic bottle chemical linked to heart disease
^ Melzer, D.; Rice, N. E.; Lewis, C.; Henley, W. E.; Galloway, T. S.; Zhang, B. (2010). "Association of Urinary Bisphenol a Concentration with Heart Disease: Evidence from NHANES 2003/06" (pdf). PLoS ONE 5: e8673. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008673. http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0008673&representation=PDF. Lay summary. edit
^ Sugiura-ogasawara, M.; Ozaki, Y.; Sonta, S. -I.; Makino, T.; Suzumori, K. (2005). "Exposure to bisphenol a is associated with recurrent miscarriage". Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 20 (8): 23252329. doi:10.1093/humrep/deh888. PMID 15947000. edit
^ Yang, J.; Hong, C.; Oh, Y.; Park, S.; Kim, H.; Leem, H.; Ha, H. (Aug 2009). "Bisphenol a exposure is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation in postmenopausal women". Environmental research 109 (6): 797801. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2009.04.014. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 19464675. edit
^ Braun, J.; Yolton, K.; Dietrich, K.; Hornung, R.; Ye, X.; Calafat, A.; Lanphear, B. (2009). "Prenatal Bisphenol a Exposure and Early Childhood Behavior". Environmental Health Perspectives. doi:10.1289/ehp.0900979. edit
^ Meeker, J. D.; Calafat, A. M.; Hauser, R. (2009). "Urinary Bisphenol a Concentrations in Relation to Serum Thyroid and Reproductive Hormone Levels in Men from an Infertility Clinic". Environmental Science & Technology: 091223134144053. doi:10.1021/es9028292. edit
^ E. C. Dodds and Wilfrid Lawson, "Synthetic strogenic Agents without the Phenanthrene Nucleus", Nature, 137 (1936), 996.
^ E. C. Dodds and W. Lawson, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 125, #839 (27-IV-1938), pp. 222232.
^ a b c Mittelstaedt, Martin (2007-04-07). "'Inherently toxic' chemical faces its future". Globe & Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070406.wbisphenolA0407/BNStory/National/. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
^ This table is adapted from: EWG, 2007. "Many studies confirm BPA's low-dose toxicity across a diverse range of toxic effects," Environmental Working Group Report: A Survey of Bisphenol A in U.S. Canned Foods. Accessed November 4th, 2007 at http://www.ewg.org/node/20941. All studies included in this table where judged by the CEHRH panel to be at least of moderate usefulness for assessing the risk of BPA to human reproduction.
^ Markey CM, Wadia PR, Rubin BS, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM (2005). "Long-term effects of fetal exposure to low doses of the xenoestrogen bisphenol-A in the female mouse genital tract". Biol. Reprod. 72 (6): 134451. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.104.036301. PMID 15689538. http://www.biolreprod.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15689538.
^ Muoz-de-Toro M, Markey CM, Wadia PR, et al (2005). "Perinatal exposure to bisphenol-A alters peripubertal mammary gland development in mice". Endocrinology 146 (9): 413847. doi:10.1210/en.2005-0340. PMID 15919749. http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15919749.
^ Nagel SC, vom Saal FS, Thayer KA, Dhar MG, Boechler M, Welshons WV (1997). "Relative binding affinity-serum modified access (RBA-SMA) assay predicts the relative in vivo bioactivity of the xenoestrogens bisphenol A and octylphenol". Environ. Health Perspect. 105 (1): 706. doi:10.2307/3433065. PMID 9074884.
^ Honma S, Suzuki A, Buchanan DL, Katsu Y, Watanabe H, Iguchi T (2002). "Low dose effect of in utero exposure to bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol on female mouse reproduction". Reprod. Toxicol. 16 (2): 11722. doi:10.1016/S0890-6238(02)00006-0. PMID 11955942. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890623802000060.
^ Akingbemi BT, Sottas CM, Koulova AI, Klinefelter GR, Hardy MP (2004). "Inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis by the xenoestrogen bisphenol A is associated with reduced pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion and decreased steroidogenic enzyme gene expression in rat Leydig cells". Endocrinology 145 (2): 592603. doi:10.1210/en.2003-1174. PMID 14605012. http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14605012.
^ Murray TJ, Maffini MV, Ucci AA, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM (2007). "Induction of mammary gland ductal hyperplasias and carcinoma in situ following fetal bisphenol A exposure". Reprod. Toxicol. 23 (3): 38390. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.10.002. PMID 17123778. PMC 1987322. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890-6238(06)00263-2.
^ Ho SM, Tang WY, Belmonte de Frausto J, Prins GS (2006). "Developmental exposure to estradiol and bisphenol A increases susceptibility to prostate carcinogenesis and epigenetically regulates phosphodiesterase type 4 variant 4". Cancer Res. 66 (11): 562432. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0516. PMID 16740699. PMC 2276876. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16740699.
^ Palanza PL, Howdeshell KL, Parmigiani S, vom Saal FS (2002). "Exposure to a low dose of bisphenol A during fetal life or in adulthood alters maternal behavior in mice". Environ. Health Perspect. 110 Suppl 3: 41522. PMID 12060838. PMC 1241192. http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2002/suppl-3/415-422palanza/abstract.html.
^ Kubo K, Arai O, Omura M, Watanabe R, Ogata R, Aou S (2003). "Low dose effects of bisphenol A on sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior in rats". Neurosci. Res. 45 (3): 34556. doi:10.1016/S0168-0102(02)00251-1. PMID 12631470. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168010202002511.
^ Taylor JA, Welshons WV, Vom Saal FS (February 2008). "No effect of route of exposure (oral; subcutaneous injection) on plasma bisphenol A throughout 24h after administration in neonatal female mice". Reprod. Toxicol. 25 (2): 16976. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.01.001. PMID 18295446. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890-6238(08)00002-6. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
^ EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1988. Oral RfD Assessment: Bisphenol A. Integrated Risk Information System.
^ a b c d Matsushima A, Kakuta Y, Teramoto T, Koshiba T, Liu X, Okada H, Tokunaga T, Kawabata S, Kimura M, Shimohigashi Y (October 2007). "Structural evidence for endocrine disruptor bisphenol A binding to human nuclear receptor ERR gamma". J. Biochem. 142 (4): 51724. doi:10.1093/jb/mvm158. PMID 17761695.
^ Takeda Y, Liu X, Sumiyoshi M, Matsushima A, Shimohigashi M, Shimohigashi Y (July 2009). "Placenta expressing the greatest quantity of bisphenol A receptor ERR{gamma} among the human reproductive tissues: Predominant expression of type-1 ERRgamma isoform". J. Biochem. 146 (1): 11322. doi:10.1093/jb/mvp049. PMID 19304792.
^ "Environmental Working Group". http://www.ewg.org/reports/bisphenola. Retrieved 2007-03-07.
^ Health Canada. "Survey of Bisphenol A in Canned Drink Products". http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/packag-emball/bpa/bpa_survey-enquete-can-eng.php. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
^ Lang IA Galloway TS, Scarlett A, Henley WE, Depledge M, Wallace, Robert B, Melzer, D (2008). "Association of Urinary Bisphenol A Concentration With Medical Disorders and Laboratory Abnormalities in Adults". JAMA 300 (300): 1303. doi:10.1001/jama.300.11.1303. PMID 18799442. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/300.11.1303.
^ Fukazawa, H.; Hoshino, K.; Shiozawa, T.; Matsushita, H.; Terao, Y. (2001). "Identification and quantification of chlorinated bisphenol a in wastewater from wastepaper recycling plants". Chemosphere 44 (5): 973979. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00507-5. PMID 11513431. edit
^ Raloff, Janet (2009-10-07). "Concerned About BPA: Check Your Receipts". Society for Science and the Public. http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/48084/title/Concerned_about_BPA_Check_your_receipts. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
^ Gehring, Martin; Tennhardt, L., Vogel, D., Weltin, D., Bilitewski, B. (2004) (PDF). Bisphenol A Contamination of Wastepaper, Cellulose and Recycled Paper Products. Waste Management and the Environment II. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, vol. 78. WIT Press. http://rcswww.urz.tu-dresden.de/~gehring/deutsch/dt/vortr/040929ge.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-15. Lay summary.
Are you looking for humane pest control methods? Do you want to prevent pest infestation but don’t want to use poisons in your home? Did you realise you don’t need to bring hazardous toxins into your property.
There are ways to deter and repel pests without risking the health of your children or pets. This is ideal for those looking for a humane and environmentally friendly way to keep their home or business pest free.
Advantages of Electronic Pest Control:
1.It works silently
2. No problem with pets (other than rodents)
3. Non-Toxic
4. Humane
5. Safe for children and pets
6. Continual protection
7. Environmentally friendly
However there is still some scientific dispute as to the effectiveness of these devices so check carefully the reputation of the company you are buying from and ensure they have money back guarantees.
Ultrasonic Pest Control
Ultrasonic pest control devices are used to prevent pests such as rats from entering your home or business. How it works:
1. These devices produce ultrasonic sound waves that cause discomfort to rodents and insects which then keep away from the property
2. The sound waves are practically inaudible to humans
3. Your home or office continually repels pests
Ionic Pest Control
Ionic pest control is one of the most modern techniques in electronic pest control technologies. Ions are electrically charged atoms common in the atmosphere. How it works:
1. Streams of negative ions are pumped into the air
2. Pollutants, bacteria and dust mites are pulled from the atmosphere
3. Negative ions ward off rodents and insects as they become confused and frightened
4. Negative ions are normally produced during a storm
Electromagnetic Pest Control How it works:
1. Utilises existing wiring within your walls to scare away pests
2. Normal frequency signals travelling through your walls are changed to a pulsating vibration only small pests can detect
3. Tiny vibrations disturb insects
4. Shifting frequency irritates the rodents nervous system
5. Turn your whole house into a giant pest repeller
TOP TIP: If you are looking for an electronic solution for pest control check the efficacy of the device before buying. Choose a reputable supplier who can offer testing data and money back guarantees if not satisfied. Visit the popular website Pest Exterminate Now to discover easy pest control tips for your home.
Please feel free to republish this article if it is kept intact, with the author / site biography and links kept in place.
[simpleaffiliate source="amazon" results="8"]electronic pest repellent[/simpleaffiliate] [simpleaffiliate source="cj" results="5"]electronic pest repellent[/simpleaffiliate] [simpleaffiliate source="clickbank" results="5"]electronic pest repellent[/simpleaffiliate]
